Background
Epidemiological studies have found that prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with increased risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). Aberrant DNA methylation, excessive apoptosis, and oxidative stress have been implied as the mechanism underlying the association between PAH exposure and NTDs, respectively. However, the role of DNA methylation aberration of apoptotic initiator
CASP8
(caspase-8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase) in the formation of NTDs in association with PAH exposure is not known. By combining a case–control study and mouse model, we aimed to explore the full spectrum of the links from PAH exposure, oxidative stress,
CASP8
methylation change, caspase-8 activation, apoptosis, to NTD formation.
Results
Hypomethylation of
CASP8
promoter was noticed in the microarray profiled by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip using neural tissues from 10 terminated NTD fetuses and 8 terminated non-malformed fetuses (14 CpG sites, with
β
difference ranging between 8.8 and 26.3%), and was validated in a larger case–control sample performed with neural tissues from 80 NTD cases and 32 non-malformed fetuses, using the Sequenom MassARRAY system (7 CpG sites). Hypomethylation of
CASP8
was a risk factor for NTDs (aOR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05–1.17) based on the logistic regression model. According to Pearson’s correlation, methylation levels of
CASP8
were inversely correlated with PAH concentrations in maternal serum and with oxidative stress markers in fetal neural tissues (
p
< 0.05). In the animal study, increased NTD rates (13.5% frequency),
Casp8
hypomethylation, caspase-8 upregulation, increased caspase-8 cleavage, and excessive apoptosis were found in mouse embryos cultured with benz(a)pyrene (BaP) in vitro. Antioxidant
N
-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and BaP co-treatment attenuated the changes found in BaP treatment group.
Conclusions
Hypomethylation of
Casp8
promoter is associated with the formation of NTDs, and
Casp8
hypomethylation may be induced by oxidative stress that resulted from exposure to PAHs.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0673-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.