Raindrop-induced ejection at soil-water interface contributes substantially to nutrient runoff losses from rice paddies

Nutrient loss by runoff from rice-wheat rotation during the wheat season is dictated by rainfall duration

“…This highlights the difference between the two planting systems (paddies vs. upland fields). Paddy field is a closed runoff system that is formed under the protection of ridge (Wu et al, 2020), the occurrence of surface runoffs depends more on the difference in height between water layer and ridge than from the rainfall itself. On the contrary, the upland field, as an open system is more sensitive to precipitation (Jiao et al, 2012;Hou et al, 2018;Yan et al, 2021).…”

“…In an upland field the runoff, through raindrops can directly hit the topsoil and detach soil particles by the splash (Jiao et al, 2012;Hou et al, 2018). Due to the differences between the two fields (in water storage capacity, soil properties, raindrop-induced ejection at soil-water interface, and the hydrolysis, release, transformation and storage of fertilizer after application (Hou et al, 2016;Kuypers et al, 2018;Ao et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2020;Naeem et al, 2021;Rasool et al, 2021)), the response of the N surface runoff loss to fertilization and other environmental factors is expected inconsistent between the two cropping systems. As a consequence, the loss of ammonium nitrogen is the main form of N loss in paddy fields, while nitrate nitrogen is the main form of N loss in upland fields (Wang et al, 2019).…”

Effects of substrates on the growth of BETA VULGARIS SUBSP. VULGARIS in hydroponic systems

“…These are the questions that should address experimentally. So far, one of the drawbacks of inoculation experiments in greenhouses is that they do not reflect what happens in a commercial greenhouse [25,26]. Most systems start clean, but the pathogen is probably introduced sometime later, perhaps in low population densities, in a random fashion, and possibly often during the cropping cycle.…”

Simulation Study on Risk and Influencing Factors of Cadmium Loss in Contaminated Soil

“…Since the amount of Cd that enters the water body with suspended solids, particulate matter, and sediment in runoff is much higher than the loss of Cd in water, the rate of Cd migration during the surface runoff phase accounts for only 0.1-4.9% of the sediment phase migration rate [13,14]. In rainy conditions, the runoff formed via rainwater scouring represents an important form of material migration across the soil-water interface [15]. During this process, a large amount of sediment and Cd in the suspended particles carried by the runoff migrates from the soil to the water, increasing the Cd pollution load [16].…”