Raman Heterodyne Detection of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Mlynek, J.; Wong, N. C.; DeVoe, R.; Kintzer, E. S.; Brewer, Richard G.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.50.993

Cited by 156 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This crystal also contained 0.1% La, but the Eu 3þ satellite lines associated with La 3þ were not used. Satellite lines from both the dopants contribute to the optical spectrum, as can be seen in the Raman heterodyne [29] double resonance spectrum of the crystal shown in Fig. 1.…”

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confidence: 91%

Precision Measurement of Electronic Ion-Ion Interactions between NeighboringEu3+Optical Centers

et al. 2013

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We report measurements of discrete excitation-induced frequency shifts on the 7 F 0 ! 5 D 0 transition of the Eu 3þ center in La:Lu:EuCl 3 Á 6D 2 O resulting from the optical excitation of neighboring Eu 3þ ions. Shifts of up to 46:081 AE 0:005 MHz were observed. The magnitude of the interaction between neighboring ions was found to be significantly larger than expected from the electric dipole-dipole mechanism often observed in rare earth systems. We show that a large network of interacting and individually addressable centers can be created by lightly doping crystals otherwise stoichiometric in the optically active rare earth ion, and that this network could be used to implement a quantum processor with more than ten qubits. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.240501 PACS numbers: 03.67.Lx, 42.50.Md, 78.47.nd Rare earth ions in solids are increasingly being utilized in demonstrations of quantum information devices. In particular, a broad range of protocols for realizing memories in these materials have been developed, using controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening [1,2], atomic frequency combs [3,4], rephased amplified spontaneous emission [5] or silencing of a photon echo ([6,7]). The first demonstration of a quantum memory operating above the no cloning limit [8], and the first demonstration of storage for over a second [9], were performed in a rare earth doped material. Very large bandwidths [10] and multi-mode capacity [11] have been achieved and the ability to store polarization qubits demonstrated [12][13][14]. Rare earth solids are successful as quantum memories because they combine high spectral and spatial densities with long optical and hyperfine coherence times, properties that are almost unique to rare earth ions amongst all optical centers in solids.All of the above devices operate on the assumption that the rare earth ions are isolated from one another, interacting only through the optical field. This is a reasonable approximation for the low concentration crystals used for the quantum memory demonstrations to date, but as the rare earth ion concentration is increased to increase memory bandwidths and efficiencies, ion-ion interactions will increasingly become important.Although the interaction between ions is likely to degrade the performance of quantum devices requiring ensembles of isolated optical centers, there has been interest in utilizing electronic ion-ion interactions to perform quantum logic operations [15,16]. The experimental investigations to date have been carried out using an ensemble approach (e.g., Refs. [17][18][19][20]), but recent demonstrations of the detection of single rare earth ion dopants [21,22] has raised the prospect of developing single instance quantum processors based on rare earth ions. Electronic interactions between rare earth ions in crystals are not well characterized. They are studied through two main effects: energy transfer between ions and optical frequency shifts caused by the excitation of nearby ions. Most studies of both these effects have been mad...

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confidence: 91%

Precision Measurement of Electronic Ion-Ion Interactions between NeighboringEu3+Optical Centers

et al. 2013

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“…With the additional condition on the hyperfine splitting to be of the order of a few tens of MHz in the electronic ground state, the rare earth ions are restricted to praseodymium and europium. Both Pr 3+ and Eu 3+ ions have been extensively studied over the past 20 years 8,9,10,11,12,13,14 . However, only dye lasers are available at operation wavelengths in Pr 3+ and Eu 3+ doped crystals.…”

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confidence: 99%

Branching ratio measurement of aΛsystem inTm3+:YAGunder a magnetic field

et al. 2007

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A three-level Λ system in Tm 3+ doped YAG crystal is experimentally investigated in the prospect of quantum information processing. Zeeman effect is used to lift the nuclear spin degeneracy of this ion. In a previous paper [de Seze et al. Phys. Rev. B, 73, 85112 (2006)] we measured the gyromagnetic tensor components and concluded that adequate magnetic field orientation could optimize the optical connection of both ground state sublevels to each one of the excited state sublevels, thus generating Λ systems. Here we report on the direct measurement of the transition probability ratio along the two legs of the Lambda. Measurement techniques combine frequency selective optical pumping with optical nutation or photon echo processes.

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“…A well-known example of a heterodyne detector is the radio. Heterodyne detection is also widely used in optics, in quantum devices, in the detection of nuclear magnetic resonance, in microwave detection, in scanning tunnelling spectroscopy and even in the search for gravitational waves [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] .…”

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Beating beats mixing in heterodyne detection schemes

Verbiest

Rost

2015

Nat Commun

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Heterodyne detection schemes are widely used to detect and analyse high-frequency signals, which are unmeasurable with conventional techniques. It is the general conception that the heterodyne signal is generated only by mixing and that beating can be fully neglected, as it is a linear effect that, therefore, cannot produce a heterodyne signal. Deriving a general analytical theory, we show, in contrast, that both beating and mixing are crucial to explain the heterodyne signal generation. Beating even dominates the heterodyne signal, if the nonlinearity of the mixing element (mixer) is of higher order than quadratic. The specific characteristic of the mixer determines its sensitivity for beating. We confirm our results with both a full numerical simulation and an experiment using heterodyne force microscopy, which represents a model system with a highly non-quadratic mixer. As quadratic mixers are the exception, many results of previously reported heterodyne measurements may need to be reconsidered.

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Raman Heterodyne Detection of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Cited by 156 publications

References 16 publications

Precision Measurement of Electronic Ion-Ion Interactions between NeighboringEu3+Optical Centers

Precision Measurement of Electronic Ion-Ion Interactions between NeighboringEu3+Optical Centers

Branching ratio measurement of aΛsystem inTm3+:YAGunder a magnetic field

Beating beats mixing in heterodyne detection schemes

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