Raman spectroscopic analysis of Mexican natural artists’ materials

Evaluation of Raman and SERS analytical protocols in the analysis of Cape Jasmine dye (Gardenia augustaL.)

“…Raman spectra of animal glue were obtained with 785 and 1064 nm excitation. [32] Therefore, the absence of animal glue bands in these Raman spectra is likely due to the higher amount of colorant relative to the substrate/binder in the paint than in the dyed fiber samples.…”

Comparative analysis of eastern and western drying-oil binding media used in polychromic artworks by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry under the influence of pigments

“…But these techniques are commonly accompanied with very complicated preliminary scission of polymeric chain by hydrolysis in obtaining characteristic marked components [17]. Nevertheless, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [3,18], infrared spectroscopy (IR) [19,20], Raman spectroscopy (RS) [4,21,22] and micro-fluorimetry [23] techniques are reported in the analysis of dry-oil, but they are actually inadequate in identifying the specific oil substances, since they are only effective in roughly distinguishing drying-oil from other binding media, such as polysaccharide [21], resin [21,22], wax [22] or protein-based materials [21,23]. Fortunately, pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique, working by thermally cracking the macro-molecule materials into low-molecule compounds and followed by directly GC separating with MS detection, could overcome these shortages to provide a rapid and effective answer to the nature of organic materials [17,[24][25][26][27][28].…”

Discovery of Beeswax as binding agent on a 6th-century BC Chinese Turquoise-inlaid Bronze sword

“…It becomes, with or without other materials (oils for example), softened and more workable to act as a binding agent when subject to thermal treatments. Several chemical studies on historically used binding agents have successfully characterized and identified intentionally added ingredients other than wax or beeswax (such as oils) by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Raman Spectroscopy (Kenndler and Mairinger, 1990;Regert et al, 2003;Vandenabeele et al, 2000Vandenabeele et al, , 2007a. This reveals not only the function and use of artifacts, but also how ancient people formulated the binding agents.…”