Doped ceria-based metal oxides are widely used as supports
and
stand-alone catalysts in reactions where CO2 is involved.
Thus, it is important to understand how to tailor their CO2 adsorption behavior. In this work, steering the CO2 activation
behavior of Ce–La–Cu–O ternary oxide surfaces
through the combined effect of chemical and mechanical strain was
thoroughly examined using both experimental and ab initio modeling
approaches. Doping with aliovalent metal cations (La3+ or
La3+/Cu2+) and post-synthetic ball milling were
considered as the origin of the chemical and mechanical strain of
CeO2, respectively. Experimentally, microwave-assisted
reflux-prepared Ce–La–Cu–O ternary oxides were
imposed into mechanical forces to tune the structure, redox ability,
defects, and CO2 surface adsorption properties; the latter
were used as key descriptors. The purpose was to decouple the combined
effect of the chemical strain (εC) and mechanical
strain (εM) on the modification of the Ce–La–Cu–O
surface reactivity toward CO2 activation. During the ab
initio calculations, the stability (energy of formation, E
Ov
f) of different configurations
of oxygen vacant sites (Ov) was assessed under biaxial
tensile strain (ε > 0) and compressive strain (ε <
0), whereas the CO2-philicity of the surface was assessed
at different levels of the imposed mechanical strain. The E
Ov
f values were found
to decrease with increasing tensile strain. The Ce–La–Cu–O(111)
surface exhibited the lowest E
Ov
f values for the single subsurface sites, implying that
Ov may occur spontaneously upon Cu addition. The mobility
of the surface and bulk oxygen anions in the lattice contributing
to the Ov population was measured using 16O/18O transient isothermal isotopic exchange experiments; the
maximum in the dynamic rate of 16O18O formation, R
max(16O18O), was 13.1
and 8.5 μmol g–1 s–1 for
pristine (chemically strained) and dry ball-milled (chemically and
mechanically strained) oxides, respectively. The CO2 activation
pathway (redox vs associative) was experimentally probed using in
situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy.
It was demonstrated that the mechanical strain increased up to 6 times
the CO2 adsorption sites, though reducing their thermal
stability. This result supports the mechanical actuation of the “carbonate”-bound
species; the latter was in agreement with the density functional theory
(DFT)-calculated C–O bond lengths and O–C–O angles.
Ab initio studies shed light on the CO2 adsorption energy
(E
ads), suggesting a covalent bonding
which is enhanced in the presence of doping and under tensile strain.
Bader charge analysis probed the adsorbate/surface charge distribution
and illustrated that CO2 interacts with the dual sites
(acidic and basic ones) on the surface, leading to the formation of
bidentate carbonate species. Density of states (DOS) studies revealed
a significant E
g drop in the presence
of double Ov and compressive strain, a finding with design
implications in covalent type of interactions. To bridge this study
...