“…• Characterization of optical and electronic properties of nanoparticles (Aleksandra et al, 2014;Ferrari and Basko, 2013;Maher, 2012;Soler and Qu, 2012;Alvarado et al, 2009) • Identification of defects in carbon nanotubes and fullerenes (Tachibana, 2013;Dresselhaus et al, 2010;Costa et al, 2008;Hennrich et al, 2005) • Scanning of nanoparticles in biological, food, and environmental samples (Zheng and He, 2014;Giovannozzi et al, 2014;Nima et al, 2014;Mustafa, 2013;Hargreaves et al, 2008) • Identification of normal and cancerous cells (Gonz alez-Solís et al, 2009Shangyuan et al, 2011;Rodriguez-L opez, 2009;Pichardo-Molina et al, 2006;Shafer-Peltier et al, 2002) • As a minimally invasive screening tool for acute renal transplantation rejection (Chung et al, 2008(Chung et al, , 2009Tu and Chang, 2012;Han et al, 2009;Brown et al, 2009a,b) • Detection of various biomolecules (McGeehan et al, 2011;Carey, 1983;Lord and Yu, 1970) • Applications in multiplexed Raman imaging, which is capable of detecting multiple targets simultaneously (Li et al, 2014;Zavaleta et al, 2014) • Tissue engineering (Perlaki et al, 2014) • Photothermal effect of metal nanoparticles (Bialkowski, 1996) …”