Raman‐Spektrum und Konstitution hochmolekularer Stoffe. 62. Mitteilung über hochpolymere Verbindungen

Signer, R.; Weiler, J.

doi:10.1002/hlca.19320150165

Cited by 60 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…[46] Since the light sources used are normally in the visible range,RScan easily be coupled to astandard optical microscope in so-called Raman microspectroscopy (RM). [46] Since the light sources used are normally in the visible range,RScan easily be coupled to astandard optical microscope in so-called Raman microspectroscopy (RM).…”

Section: Angewandte Chemiementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some photons are inelastically scattered and therefore provide information on the molecular vibrations of the sample.T he spectra then can be compared to references or commercially available databases.S hortly after its invention (in 1928), RS was used for the analysis of polystyrene (in 1932). [46] Since the light sources used are normally in the visible range,RScan easily be coupled to astandard optical microscope in so-called Raman microspectroscopy (RM). RM has been applied in an umber of MP studies in marine [3a, 12b,24, 47] and freshwater [12b,28] ecosystems,h owever,m ost of them analyzed only large particles or as mall subsample by means of RM.…”

Section: Mp Identification and Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microplastic in Aquatic Ecosystems

2016

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The contamination of marine and freshwater ecosystems with plastic, and especially with microplastic (MP), is a global ecological problem of increasing scientific concern. This has stimulated a great deal of research on the occurrence of MP, interaction of MP with chemical pollutants, the uptake of MP by aquatic organisms, and the resulting (negative) impact of MP. Herein, we review the major issues of MP in aquatic environments, with the principal aims 1) to characterize the methods applied for MP analysis (including sampling, processing, identification and quantification), indicate the most reliable techniques, and discuss the required further improvements; 2) to estimate the abundance of MP in marine/freshwater ecosystems and clarify the problems that hamper the comparability of such results; and 3) to summarize the existing literature on the uptake of MP by living organisms. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps, suggest possible strategies to assess environmental risks arising from MP, and discuss prospects to minimize MP abundance in aquatic ecosystems.

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Section: Angewandte Chemiementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mp Identification and Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastic in Aquatic Ecosystems

2016

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“…Already in the past century, shortly after the discovery of the effect of inelastic light scattering by Sir C. V. Raman in 1928, Raman spectroscopy was successfully applied for the characterization of macromolecular compounds, e.g., polystyrene and other synthetic polymers (Putilova 1939;Signer and Weiler 1932). Nowadays, Raman spectroscopy is widely used in analytical and structural studies of polymers (Everall et al 2007) and a variety of databases for the identification of polymers (e.g., Spectral ID, Thermo Scientific, and The Renishaw Raman Spectra Database Polymers) are commercially available.…”

Section: Imhof Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments

Imhof

Schmid

Nießner

et al. 2012

Limnology & Ocean Methods

566

349

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Although plastic debris is constantly accumulating in aquatic environments, the impact on aquatic ecosystems is not yet fully understood. A first important step to assess the consequences of plastic debris in aquatic ecosystems is the establishment of a reliable, verified, and standardized method to quantify the amount of plastic particles in the environment. We improved the density separation approach by the construction of the so called Munich Plastic Sediment Separator (MPSS). It enables a reliable separation of different ecologically relevant size classes of plastic particles from sediment samples. A ZnCl 2 -solution (1.6-1.7 kg/L) as separation fluid allows for an extraction of plastic particles ranging from large fragments to small microplastic particles (S-MPP, <1 mm). Subsequent identification and quantification of the particles with spatial resolution down to 1 µm can be performed using Raman microspectroscopy. Our study is the first providing validated recovery rates of 100% for large microplastic particles (L-MPP, 1-5 mm) and 95.5% for S-MPP. The recovery rate for S-MPP, using the MPSS, was significantly higher than the value obtained by application of classical density separation setup (39.8%). Moreover, our recovery rates were significantly higher than those based on froth flotation (55.0% for L-MPP) commonly used in recycling industries. Hence, our improved method can be used for a reliable and time-efficient separation, identification and quantification of plastic fragments down to S-MPP. This will help foster studies quantifying the increasing contamination of aquatic environments with microplastic particles, which is a crucial prerequisite for future risk assessment and management strategies.

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“…For the present films, considering their estimated hydrogen proportion and the aromatic precursor gaseous source, it is rational to assign the peaks to the ones similar with polymer materials containing phenyl ring. Interestingly, polystyrene also shows three distinct Raman peaks at around 1,000, 1,200, and 1,450 cm −1 [88][89][90][91]. The peak around 1,000 cm −1 was attributed to the breathing and symmetrical stretching vibration mode of benzene ring [90,92].…”

Section: Bonding Evolution Governed By Ion Energymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Interestingly, polystyrene also shows three distinct Raman peaks at around 1,000, 1,200, and 1,450 cm −1 [88][89][90][91]. The peak around 1,000 cm −1 was attributed to the breathing and symmetrical stretching vibration mode of benzene ring [90,92]. The peak around 1,200 cm −1 was attributed to the stretching vibration mode between the phenyl rings and their attached carbon atoms in chains [92].…”

Section: Bonding Evolution Governed By Ion Energymentioning

confidence: 98%

Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2022

Friction

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Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films are capable of providing excellent superlubricating properties, which have great potential serving as self-lubricating protective layer for mechanical systems in extreme working conditions. However, it is still a huge challenge to develop a-C:H films capable of achieving robust superlubricity state in vacuum. The main obstacle derives from the lack of knowledge on the influencing mechanism of deposition parameters on the films bonding structure and its relation to their self-lubrication performance. Aiming at finding the optimized deposition energy and revealing its influencing mechanism on superlubricity, a series of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films were synthesized with appropriate ion energy, and systematic tribological experiments and structural characterization were conducted. The results highlight the pivotal role of ion energy on film composition, nanoclustering structure, and bonding state, which determine mechanical properties of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films and surface passivation ability and hence their superlubricity performance in vacuum. The optimized superlubricity performance with the lowest friction coefficient of 0.006 coupled with the lowest wear rate emerges when the carbon ion energy is just beyond the penetration threshold of subplantation. The combined growth process of surface chemisorption and subsurface implantation is the key for a-C:H films to acquire stiff nanoclustering network and high volume of hydrogen incorporation, which enables a robust near-frictionless sliding surface. These findings can provide a guidance towards a more effective manipulation of self-lubricating a-C:H films for space application.

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Raman‐Spektrum und Konstitution hochmolekularer Stoffe. 62. Mitteilung über hochpolymere Verbindungen

Cited by 60 publications

References 8 publications

Microplastic in Aquatic Ecosystems

Microplastic in Aquatic Ecosystems

A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments

Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum

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