Random Number Generation with Cosmic Photons

Wu, Cheng; Bai, Bing; Liu, Yang; Zhang, Xiaoming; Yang, Meng; Cao, Yuan; Wang, Jianfeng; Zhang, Shaohua; Zhou, Hongyan; Shi, Xiheng; Ma, Xiongfeng; Ren, Ji-Gang; Zhang, Jun; Peng, Cheng-Zhi; Fan, Jingyun; Zhang, Qiang; Pan, Jian-Wei

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.140402

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Even if nature does not exploit the measurementindependence loophole, addressing the various assumptions experimentally has significant practical relevance for numerous entanglement-based technologies. These include device-independent quantum key distribution [47][48][49] along with random-number generation and randomness expansion [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. In particular, a malicious adversary with knowledge of an opponent's devices could conceivably undermine a variety of quantum information schemes by exploiting the measurement-independence loophole [29,36,[59][60][61][62][63][64].…”

Section: Arxiv:180901307v2 [Quant-ph] 24 Jan 2019mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxed Bell inequalities with arbitrary measurement dependence for each observer

et al. 2019

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Bell's inequality was originally derived under the assumption that experimenters are free to select detector settings independently of any local "hidden variables" that might affect the outcomes of measurements on entangled particles. This assumption has come to be known as "measurement independence" (also referred to as "freedom of choice" or "settings independence"). For a two-setting, two-outcome Bell test, we derive modified Bell inequalities that relax measurement independence, for either or both observers, while remaining locally causal. We describe the loss of measurement independence for each observer using the parameters M1 and M2, as defined by Hall in 2010, and also by a more complete description that adds two new parameters, which we call M1 andM2, deriving a modified Bell inequality for each description. These 'relaxed' inequalities subsume those considered in previous work as special cases, and quantify how much the assumption of measurement independence needs to be relaxed in order for a locally causal model to produce a given violation of the standard Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (Bell-CHSH) inequality. We show that both relaxed Bell inequalities are tight bounds on the CHSH parameter by constructing locally causal models that saturate them. For any given Bell inequality violation, the new two-parameter and four-parameter models each require significantly less mutual information between the hidden variables and measurement settings than previous models. We conjecture that the new models, with optimal parameters, require the minimum possible mutual information for a given Bell violation. We further argue that, contrary to various claims in the literature, relaxing freedom of choice need not imply superdeterminism.

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Section: Arxiv:180901307v2 [Quant-ph] 24 Jan 2019mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxed Bell inequalities with arbitrary measurement dependence for each observer

et al. 2019

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“…It was also shown that the randomness loophole can be progressively addressed with cosmic RNGs [20][21][22], which take advantage of randomness at the remote celestial object to set the time constraint of local hidden variable mechanisms deep into the cosmic history. These works pave the way to construct a practical self-testing QRNG.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RNGs including cosmic RNGs will be exploited to address the no-signaling issue in the input randomness [20][21][22]. For the current experiment, the settings are preset manually with parameters given by the Eberhard's optimization procedure as described above.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Speed Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generation without a Detection Loophole

et al. 2018

Self Cite

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Quantum mechanics provides means of generating genuine randomness that is impossible with deterministic classical processes. Remarkably, the unpredictability of randomness can be certified in a self-testing manner that is independent of implementation devices. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of self-testing quantum random number generation based on an detection-loophole free Bell test with entangled photons. In the randomness analysis, without the assumption of independent identical distribution, we consider the worst case scenario that the adversary launches the most powerful attacks against quantum adversary. After considering statistical fluctuations and applying an 80 Gb × 45.6 Mb Toeplitz matrix hashing, we achieve a final random bit rate of 114 bits/s, with a failure probability less than 10 −5 . Such self-testing random number generators mark a critical step towards realistic applications in cryptography and fundamental physics tests. 2Introduction.-Random numbers are widely used in applications ranging from numerical

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“…The MDI method can tolerate arbitrarily low detection efficiencies for demonstration of EPR-steering [45], however, it would in turn reduce the randomness certification rate. In addition, the randomness generation protocol in our experiment requires initial randomness (random choice of measurement settings in each experimental trial), which could be strengthened, e.g., by pseudorandomness based on the arrival time of cosmic photons [46]. It is also of experimental interest to employ the randomness extraction process [49,50] We discuss how to construct a quantum-refereed steering witness (QRS) from a steering inequality.…”

Section: 106±0023mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Steering and Randomness Generation Beyond Qubits

Guo

Cheng

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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In a measurement-device-independent or quantum-refereed protocol, a referee can verify whether two parties share entanglement or Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering without the need to trust either of the parties or their devices. The need for trusting a party is substituted by a quantum channel between the referee and that party, through which the referee encodes the measurements to be performed on that party's subsystem in a set of nonorthogonal quantum states. In this Letter, an EPR-steering inequality is adapted as a quantum-refereed EPR-steering witness, and the trust-free experimental verification of higher dimensional quantum steering is reported via preparing a class of entangled photonic qutrits. Further, with two measurement settings, we extract 1.106 ± 0.023 bits of private randomness per every photon pair from our observed data, which surpasses the one-bit limit for projective measurements performed on qubit systems. Our results advance research on quantum information processing tasks beyond qubits.

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Random Number Generation with Cosmic Photons

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Relaxed Bell inequalities with arbitrary measurement dependence for each observer

Relaxed Bell inequalities with arbitrary measurement dependence for each observer

High-Speed Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generation without a Detection Loophole

Experimental Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Steering and Randomness Generation Beyond Qubits

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