Open Access Research Articleactivity is through modification in bone turnover which occurs through two fundamentally different processes, i.e. modeling and remodeling with the activities of osteoblast and osteoclast cells in the mechanisms of bone formation and bone resorption [3]. A number of biochemical assays have been described for measuring serum and urinary concentration of markers of bone metabolism [4] that allow a good estimation of bone metabolic processes and have been established as useful parameters in assessing changes in bone turnover. To date, the mechanisms by which combined exercise and dietary intake lead to changes in bone metabolism are not fully understood.Nutritional supplementation is another main factor associated with bone health and development. Aoe et al. [5] reported that as compared to drugs that have a rapid effect, administration of nutrients related to bone metabolism is relatively safe and inexpensive. To date, the effects of different types of supplementation such as calcium, vitamin D, milk, soy and soy protein on bone mass, turnover and mineral density have been reported [6][7][8][9]. One of the nutrients that has long tradition of use within various medical systems and prescribed for variety of uses from ancient time is honey. Ariefdjohan et al. [10] reported that honey has the potential to increase calcium absorption after 2 days of acute feeding in rats. In addition, Hussain et al. [11] reported that honey has similar effects with hormone replacement therapy on bone densitometry in postmenopausal women. Therefore, it was hypothesized that honey may play a role in increasing bone health.Tualang honey is a wild, multi floral honey produced by Apis dorsata bees that form hives on the branches of giant trees named Tualang in the Malaysian rainforest, and it has been reported recently that ovariectomized rats that received Tualang honey showed greater improvements in trabecular bone structure than rats receiving calcium [12], implying the beneficial effects of Tualang honey supplementation on bone. Nevertheless to date, administration of Tualang honey in combination with exercise on bone health and antioxidant status in rats has not been investigated, thus the present study was proposed.
AbstractPurpose: To investigate the effects of combined jumping exercise and honey supplementation on bone metabolism and antioxidant status in female rats.