The alpine and parts of the subalpine vegetation of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, are investigated using the European phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet.Based on data of about 700 detailed plot samples, a syntaxonomical classification is presented. The holarctic classes Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974, Thlaspietea rotundifolii Br.-Bl. 1947, and Salicetea herbaceae Br.-Bl. 1947 reasonably accommodate the Glacier NP alpine vegetation. Local units have been organised in 3 classes, 6 orders, 12 alliances, 32 associations, 26 subassociations, 10 variants, and 7 other communities. For each of these, detailed descriptions are provided. Syntaxonomical rank and circumscription, chorology, ecology, and succession dynamics are discussed.In order to accommodate the alpine vegetation of Glacier NP, an area much wider than the study area had to be reviewed, covering the Rocky Mountains south of 53°N, and including the interior ranges to the west and the western coastal mountains north of central Oregon.An overview of western North American alpine vegetation units is presented by means of synoptic tables. Drawn from these tables are conclusions for the syntaxonomic system of the western North American alpine. In the Carici-Kobresietea, a new order of alpine fellfield communities, Arenario obtusilobae-Festucetalia brachyphyllae ord. nov., is created, comprising a southern and a north-central suborder.In the snowbed class Salicetea herbaceae, a western North American subclass, Junco drummondii-Sibbaldienea procumbentis subclass. nov. is created, which holds four orders. These are Caricetalia nigricantis ord. nov., Sibbaldio-Caricetalia pyrenaicae Komárková 1979, Phyllodoco-Cassiopetalia Brooke et al. ex Damm, and Valerianetalia sitchensis Brett et al. ex Damm. The Caricetalia nigricantis and the Valerianetalia sitchensis are divided into a western-coastal and interior cordilleran alliance each.A number of previously described units are validated according to the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (CPN) or newly combined into the present system.
Buellia geophila:In most cases at least a few 3-4 celled spores occur which acc. to Knoph (University of Jena, pers. communication) refers them to B. geophila. In some cases only 2celled spores occur. Specimens with that condition were called Buellia papillata. Since the presence of 3-4 celled spores was very scarce in all cases, it does not seem to be a very convincing character to tell these species apart.Caloplaca cf. fraudans.: A common taxon with distinct dark-orange apothecia mostly occurring on arenitic rock and usually without any discernable thallus was called C. fraudans cf.
Caloplaca jungermanniae:In some cases specimen with smaller apothecia might have been confused with C. tiroliensis. Both species are very common in the study area.Caloplaca sinapisperma: This species closely resembles C. tetraspora and might have been confused with it occasionally.
Candelariella vitellina:Only occasionally have the apothecia of this species been sectioned....