Rapid Axonal Transport in Primate Optic Nerve

Radius, Ronald L.; Anderson, Douglas R.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1981.03930010650010

Cited by 67 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It has been reported that inhibition of retrograde axonal flow can only partly explain RGC loss post axotomy (Fagiolini et al, 1997). There is evidence from other studies that RGC loss may be mediated independently of these mechanisms (Radius 1981;Johansson 1983Johansson , 1988. Therefore, in addition to the known components of glaucoma pathology, pressure may also have some direct effect on RGC apoptosis.…”

contrasting

confidence: 37%

Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines

et al. 2000

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Pressure is a crucial component of the cellular environment, and can lead to pathology if it varies beyond its normal range. The increased intra-ocular pressures in acute glaucoma are associated with the loss of neurons by apoptosis. Little is known regarding the interaction between pressure and apoptosis at the level of the cell. The model developed in this study examines the effects of elevated ambient hydrostatic pressure directly upon cultured neuronal lines. Conditions were selected to be within physiological limits: 100 mmHg over and above atmospheric pressure for a period of 2 hr, as seen clinically in acute glaucoma. This system can be used to investigate pressure relatively independently of other variables. Neuronal cell line cultures (B35 and PC12) were subjected to pressure conditions in specially designed pressure chambers. Controls were treated identically, except for the application of pressure, and positive controls were treated with a known apoptotic stimulus. Apoptosis was detected by cell morphology changes and by 2 specific apoptotic markers: TUNEL (Terminal transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling) and Annexin V. These fluorescent markers were detected and quantified by automated Laser Scanning Cytometry. All techniques showed that increased pressure was associated with a greater level of apoptosis compared to equivalent controls. Our results suggest that pressure alone may act as a stimulus for apoptosis in neuronal cell cultures. This raises the possibility of a more direct relationship at the cellular level between pressure and neuronal loss.

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confidence: 37%

Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines

et al. 2000

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“…Current thinking now suggests that axons are damaged first in glaucoma, and that their autonomous self‐destruction leads to the death of the remainder of the ganglion cell. In this model, axons are first affected at the lamina cribrosa, consistent with several observations that both retrograde and anterograde axoplasmic transport are blocked at this level 39–43 . As they degenerate they lose the ability to transport neurotrophic peptides from the brain to the retina 44 .…”

Section: Compartmentalized Self‐destruction Of Ganglion Cellssupporting

confidence: 84%

Ganglion cell death in glaucoma: from mice to men

Nickells

2007

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Glaucoma results from the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Over the last 20 years several important advancements have been made in our understanding of the molecular pathology of this disease, particularly through the development of rat models of experimental glaucoma and the characterization of a spontaneous secondary form of glaucoma in DBA/2 substrains of inbred mice. One of these advances is the observation that ganglion cells die by apoptosis, an intrinsic molecular pathway of programmed cell death. An important aspect of this cell death process is the concept that these cells actually undergo compartmentalized self-destruction. Importantly, genetic evidence now suggests that axons die independently of the apoptotic program that executes the cell body or soma. This review briefly summarizes some of the most significant developments in glaucoma research, with respect to the process of ganglion cell degeneration.

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“…However, observations from several different animal models of glaucoma show that disruption of axonal transport at the ONH is consistently seen early in the disease process. In monkeys with experimental glaucoma, anterograde and retrograde transport is affected in the ONH (Anderson & Hendrickson 1974; Dandona et al 1991; Radius & Anderson 1981). Electron microscopy studies showed that mitochondria and dense bodies accumulate anterior and posterior to the lamina cribrosa after IOP elevation (Gaasterland et al 1978) (Quigley & Anderson 1976).…”

Section: Early Axonal Changes That Occur Prior To Axon Degenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic axonal degeneration pathways are critical for glaucomatous damage

Howell

Soto

Libby

et al. 2013

Experimental Neurology

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Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease affecting 70 million people worldwide. For some time, analysis of human glaucoma and animal models suggested that RGC axonal injury in the optic nerve head (where RGC axons exit the eye) is an important early event in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. During the last decade advances in molecular biology and genome manipulation have allowed this hypothesis to be tested more critically, at least in animal models. Data indicate that RGC axon degeneration precedes soma death. Preventing soma death using mouse models that are mutant for BAX, a proapoptotic gene, is not sufficient to prevent the degeneration of RGC axons. This indicates that different degeneration processes occur in different compartments of the RGC during glaucoma. Furthermore, the Wallerian degeneration slow allele (Wlds) slows or prevents RGC axon degeneration in rodent models of glaucoma. These experiments and many others, now strongly support the hypothesis that axon degeneration is a critical pathological event in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. However, the events that lead from a glaucomatous insult (e.g. elevated intraocular pressure) to axon damage in glaucoma are not well defined. For developing new therapies, it will be necessary to clearly define and order the molecular events that lead from glaucomatous insults to axon degeneration.

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Rapid Axonal Transport in Primate Optic Nerve

Cited by 67 publications

References 10 publications

Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines

Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines

Ganglion cell death in glaucoma: from mice to men

Intrinsic axonal degeneration pathways are critical for glaucomatous damage

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