Cellular oxygen sensing is required for hypoxia-inducible factor-1␣ stabilization, which is important for tumor cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Here we find that terpestacin, a small molecule previously identified in a screen of microbial extracts, binds to the 13.4-kDa subunit (UQCRB) of mitochondrial Complex III, resulting in inhibition of hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species generation. Consequently, such inhibition blocks hypoxia-inducible factor activation and tumor angiogenesis in vivo, without inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. Overexpression of UQCRB or its suppression using RNA interference demonstrates that it plays a crucial role in the oxygen sensing mechanism that regulates responses to hypoxia. These findings provide a novel molecular basis of terpestacin targeting UQCRB of Complex III in selective suppression of tumor progression.Progression of many solid tumors requires angiogenesis (1). Mitochondrial function has been linked to angiogenesis, because mitochondria are the primary sites of oxygen consumption, and angiogenesis is an oxygen concentration-sensitive process (2). Reports suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) 3 generation at mitochondrial Complex III is necessary and sufficient to trigger HIF-1␣ stabilization during hypoxia, and cells lacking mitochondrial DNA and electron transport activity ( cells) fail to exhibit increased ROS or up-regulation of HIF-1␣ target genes during hypoxia (3-5). Inhibitors of Complex III such as myxothiazol and stigmatellin also block mitochondrial ROS generation and inhibit the stabilization and transcriptional activity of HIF-1␣ during hypoxia. These findings suggest that the generation of ROS from mitochondrial Complex III is a critical event in the signaling of cellular hypoxia (6, 7). However, details regarding which of the components of Complex III contribute to this signaling remain to be described.Biological screening tools are useful for identifying naturally occurring small molecules capable of inducing a specific phenotype change (8, 9). We performed a large scale screen of microbial extracts in an attempt to identify small molecules that could inhibit the angiogenic response to pro-angiogenic stimuli, such as hypoxia, in endothelial cells. We identified terpestacin as a small molecule with unique bicyclo sesterterpene structure capable of inhibiting the angiogenic response at concentrations below the toxic threshold (10). Terpestacin strongly inhibits the functional response to hypoxia of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis within the embryonic chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo. In addition to this anti-angiogenic activity, terpestacin has previously been reported to inhibit syncytium formation during human immunodeficiency virus infection and has been chemically synthesized (11-13). However, neither the molecular target of this compound nor the cellular mechanism of its anti-angiogenic activity has been identified.In the present study we identified the binding protein of terpestacin and...