“…Active proton-ATPase pumps (also called primary active transport mechanisms), have been proposed as not only the source of EP signals in plants (Bonza et al, 2001), but also channel opening (passive transport) (Martinoina et al, 2000;Morillon et al, 2001) and ion carriers (secondary active transport) (Maathius et al, 1997), both located in the plasmatic membrane, have been mentioned, considering that ion channel opening and closing enable an ion flux between the cytosol and the extracellular microenvironment, which creates EP differentials across the membrane (Gelli and Blumwald, 1997;Demidchik et al, 2006). Variations in Ca 2+ concentrations in the cytosol modify the catalytic activity of the enzyme calmonduline (Vian et al, 1996;Leon et al, 2001) as well as the activity of different protein kinases (CDPKs) dependent on Ca 2+ (White and Broadley, 2003;Ludwing et al, 2004;Medvedev, 2005).…”