The principles of quantum optics have yielded a plethora of ideas to surpass the classical limitations of sensitivity and resolution in optical microscopy. While some ideas have been applied in proof-of-principle experiments, imaging a biological sample has remained challenging mainly due to the inherently weak signal measured and the fragility of quantum states of light. In principle, however, these quantum protocols can add new information without sacrificing the classical information and can therefore enhance the capabilities of existing super-resolution techniques. Image scanning microscopy (ISM), a recent addition to the family of super-resolution methods, generates a robust resolution enhancement without sacrificing the signal level. Here we introduce quantum image scanning microscopy (Q-ISM): combining ISM with the measurement of quantum photon correlation allows increasing the resolution of ISM up to two-fold, four times beyond the diffraction limit. We introduce the Q-ISM principle and obtain super-resolved optical images of a biological sample stained with fluorescent quantum dots using photon antibunching, a quantum effect, as a resolution enhancing contrast mechanism.
Main TextThe diffraction limit, as formulated by Abbe, sets the attainable resolution in far-field optical microscopy to about half of the visible wavelength 1 , hindering its applicability in life science studies at very small scales. Over the past two decades, several super-resolution methods have successfully overcome the diffraction limit, including emission depletion microscopy, localization microscopy and structured illumination microscopy 2-6 . The continuous and rapid improvement in detector technology has enabled two more recent developments in the field of super-resolution microscopy, which are the center of this work: quantum super-resolution microscopy and image scanning microscopy (ISM). As for the first, a surge of interest in super-resolution imaging based on quantum optics concepts 7-13 , inspired and facilitated by the progress in high temporal resolution imagers, resulted in a few successful proof-of-principle demonstrations 7,8,14 . The second, ISM, relies on a small array of fast detector and offers a two-fold enhancement of resolution 15,16 . Since ISM is compatible with a standard confocal microscope architecture it has already been integrated into commercial products.While all super-resolution modalities violate at least one of the basic assumptions of the Abbe theory, many rely on breaking more than one. For instance, stimulated emission depletion (STED) and saturated structured illumination microscopy (SSIM) breach both the assumption of a linear response of a fluorophore to the excitation light and that of a uniform illumination field 17,18 . In contrast, the few demonstrations of quantum super-resolution microscopy 7,8,14 relied solely on violating the implicit assumption, underlying Abbe's derivation, that light behaves as waves rather than particles. ISM, as well, depends on violating a single assumption, a u...