“…TERIOS Universal V4.5A TA Instruments (New Castle, DE, USA) performed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the impregnated sample for U. intestinalis before and after US, O 3 and MW pretreatments. The prepared green nanostructure Fe 3 O 4 was characterized individually by Raman (the sample was exposed to this beam for 1 s at 10 mW power with aperture 25 × 1000 mm, three distinct points were measured and displacement occurred between 100 and 1400 cm −1 ), SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detector (used to analyze elemental composition of substances), transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL, Model JSM 6360LA, Tokyo, Japan), PSA (The Malvern Mastersizer 3000 is a compact optical instrument that employs laser diffraction to assess particle size distribution), mean pore diameter, and specific surface area were measured on BELSORP (Mini II, BEL Japan Inc., Osaka, Japan) using the BET method (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) [ 36 ].…”
In this work, different pretreatment methods for algae proved to be very effective in improving cell wall dissociation for biogas production. In this study, the Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus (U. intestinalis) has been exposed to individual pretreatments of (ultrasonic, ozone, microwave, and green synthesized Fe3O4) and in a combination of the first three mentioned pretreatments methods with magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs, (ultrasonic-Fe3O4, ozone-Fe3O4 and microwave-Fe3O4) in different treatment times. Moreover, the green synthesized Fe3O4 NPs has been confirmed by FTIR, TEM, XRD, SEM, EDEX, PSA and BET. The maximum biogas production of 179 and 206 mL/g VS have been attained when U. intestinalis has been treated with ultrasonic only and when combined microwave with Fe3O4 respectively, where sediment were used as inoculum in all pretreatments. From the obtained results, green Fe3O4 NPs enhanced the microwave (MW) treatment to produce a higher biogas yield (206 mL/g VS) when compared with individual MW (84 mL/g VS). The modified Gompertz model (R2 = 0.996 was appropriate model to match the calculated biogas production and could be used more practically to distinguish the kinetics of the anaerobic digestion (AD) period. The assessment of XRD, SEM and FTIR discovered the influence of different treatment techniques on the cell wall structure of U. intestinalis.
“…TERIOS Universal V4.5A TA Instruments (New Castle, DE, USA) performed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the impregnated sample for U. intestinalis before and after US, O 3 and MW pretreatments. The prepared green nanostructure Fe 3 O 4 was characterized individually by Raman (the sample was exposed to this beam for 1 s at 10 mW power with aperture 25 × 1000 mm, three distinct points were measured and displacement occurred between 100 and 1400 cm −1 ), SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detector (used to analyze elemental composition of substances), transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL, Model JSM 6360LA, Tokyo, Japan), PSA (The Malvern Mastersizer 3000 is a compact optical instrument that employs laser diffraction to assess particle size distribution), mean pore diameter, and specific surface area were measured on BELSORP (Mini II, BEL Japan Inc., Osaka, Japan) using the BET method (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) [ 36 ].…”
In this work, different pretreatment methods for algae proved to be very effective in improving cell wall dissociation for biogas production. In this study, the Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus (U. intestinalis) has been exposed to individual pretreatments of (ultrasonic, ozone, microwave, and green synthesized Fe3O4) and in a combination of the first three mentioned pretreatments methods with magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs, (ultrasonic-Fe3O4, ozone-Fe3O4 and microwave-Fe3O4) in different treatment times. Moreover, the green synthesized Fe3O4 NPs has been confirmed by FTIR, TEM, XRD, SEM, EDEX, PSA and BET. The maximum biogas production of 179 and 206 mL/g VS have been attained when U. intestinalis has been treated with ultrasonic only and when combined microwave with Fe3O4 respectively, where sediment were used as inoculum in all pretreatments. From the obtained results, green Fe3O4 NPs enhanced the microwave (MW) treatment to produce a higher biogas yield (206 mL/g VS) when compared with individual MW (84 mL/g VS). The modified Gompertz model (R2 = 0.996 was appropriate model to match the calculated biogas production and could be used more practically to distinguish the kinetics of the anaerobic digestion (AD) period. The assessment of XRD, SEM and FTIR discovered the influence of different treatment techniques on the cell wall structure of U. intestinalis.
“…Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis is used to have specific information onto thermal transitions state [93,94]. Via monitoring the heat flow over temperatures, it offers insight into a material's phase changes (melting point, boiling point, and fusion), glass transition temperatures (Tg), and the heat capacity (Cp).…”
The feasibility of preparing cellulose acetate/carbon black (CA/CB) composite nanofiber in one step through electrospinning process and investigating its potential oil absorbability and application for machine oil removal from aquatic environment was reported. Different CA/CB composite nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) solution containing different loads of 0.7, 1.5, and 2.2% CB relative to the weight of CA and labeled as CA/CB0.7, CA/CB1.5, and CA/CB2.2. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed continuous and smooth fiber with submicron diameter ranging from 400–900 nm with good adhering of CB into CA nanofiber. Furthermore, the CA/CB composite nanofibers exhibited high surface area compared with CA nanofiber, which reached 3.057, 2.8718 and 8.244 m2/g for CA/CB0.7, CA/CB1.5 and CA/CB2.2, respectively. Oil adsorption tests were performed with heavy and light machine oils. The CA/CB composite nanofibers showed higher affinity for oil removal from an aqueous solution than pure CA nanofiber. The CA/CB1.5 composite nanofiber has an exceptional performance for the adsorption of both oils, and the maximum oil adsorbed reached 10.6 and 18.3 g/g for light and heavy machine oils, respectively. The kinetic of machine oils adsorption was fitted well by the pseudo-second-order model. Besides, CA/CB composite nanofiber exposed good adsorption properties and respectable reusability after regeneration for four consecutive cycles. The results advocate the excellent potential of as-fabricated CA/CB composite nanofiber as a promising reusable oil adsorbent for oil spill cleanup applications.
“…From our point of view, this reaction takes place through ferric perchlorate which plays an important role as Lewis acid catalyst where it accelerates the acetylation process by activating the acetyl portion of the acetic anhydride, then facilitates attacking the oxygen atom of the cellulose by the electron pairs on it and then allows the loss of the acetic acid molecule to complete the acetylation process (Scheme 1 ) 12 , 14 , 20 , 22 . Scheme 1 Acetylation mechanism of MCC by using acetic anhydride and ferric perchlorate as catalyst 7 , 8 , 12 , 20 – 23 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After the reaction time was completed, about 10 mL of ethyl alcohol was added drop by drop, followed by 100 mL of distilled water, and the mixture was allowed to precipitate for 1 h. The white precipitate was filtered out and washed several times with distilled water before being washed with a small amount of 70% ethanol (10 mL). The products were obtained by drying the wet precipitate for 24 h at 50 °C in a drying oven and then weighing it 7 , 8 , 12 , 20 – 23 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Plastics, films, photographic, lacquers, fabrics, and dialysis or reverse osmosis membranes are only a few of the industrial uses of cellulose acetate. Furthermore, cellulose acetate is used to coat tablets with semipermeable coatings, especially in osmotic pump-type tablets and microparticles for controlled drug release 5 – 8 . Cellulose acetate, has been used in electrophoresis as a mean of separating the lipoprotein classes 9 .…”
Ferric perchlorate was tested for the first time as a new catalyst to accelerate the esterification of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at room temperature in a less amount of acetic anhydride compared to the amount used in the conventional methods. It was possible to manufacture cellulose acetate (CA) with a high yield of up to 94%. The influence of changes in reaction time, catalyst amounts, and acetic anhydride on the characterization of cellulose acetate produced was investigated. The optimum condition for esterification of 2.0 g (12.34 mmol) MCC was found to be: 10 mL (105.98 mmol) AC2O, 200 mg (0.564 mmol, anhydrous basis) of Fe(ClO4)3·xH2O and 1 h reaction time at room temperature. The substitution degree of CA was investigated by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Thermal stability of CA was studied using TGA, DTA and DSC analyses. The degree of polymerization and the polydispersity index (PDI) were obtained using Gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This study verified the direct and efficient synthesis of di- and tri-cellulose acetate in one–pot reaction using Fe(ClO4)3·xH2O as a catalyst without using solvent.
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