Rapidly Cleared Episodes of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation in Immunocompetent Adults

Mark, Karen E.; Wald, Anna; Magaret, Amalia; Selke, Stacy; Olin, Laura; Huang, Meei Li; Corey, Lawrence

doi:10.1086/591913

Cited by 249 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Moreover, most immune competent individuals experience episodes of oral herpes virus reactivation, but it will last only for few hours or day, which is very less time span to initiate periodontal disease. (31) Association between systemic diseases like cardiac diseases and viruses is still a question. Vascular disease occur at a higher frequency as a result of combined infections with herpes simplex virus and Chlamydia pneumonia.…”

Section: Herpesvirus Bacterial Interactions In Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Herpes Virus in Periodontal Diseases

Varghese¹

2014

IOSR-JDMS

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Section: Herpesvirus Bacterial Interactions In Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Herpes Virus in Periodontal Diseases

Varghese¹

2014

IOSR-JDMS

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“…11,12 Recent data suggest that HSV reactivation may occur much more frequently than previously understood, and may be characterised by frequent short bursts of viral shedding that do not correlate with symptoms. 13 As HSV-2 seroprevalence decreased, HSV-1 seroprevalence in the USA increased to 62% in 1988-94 from 57.7% in 1999-2004. 2 Among persons infected with HSV-1 but not HSV-2, a higher percentage reported a diagnosis of genital herpes in 1999-2004 compared with 1988-94 (1.8% versus 0.4%).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Genital Herpesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of neonatal herpes

Gardella

Brown

2010

BJOG

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Neonatal herpes can occur when the neonate is exposed to herpes simplex virus in the maternal genital tract during labour. Attack rates are highest when the mother has a newly acquired infection and, therefore, does not have antibodies to protect the neonate. Even with early therapy, there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal herpes, suggesting that preventing neonatal herpes simplex virus exposure or early recognition of exposure is important. The incidence of neonatal herpes has not declined despite national guidelines for prevention. This suggests that the prevention guidelines need to be re-addressed.Keywords Herpes, neonate, prevention.Please cite this paper as: Gardella C, Brown Z. Prevention of neonatal herpes. BJOG 2011;118:187-192. Epidemiology of genital herpesBased on serological data from a large National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 22% of pregnant women in the USA are infected with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), 63% are HSV-1 seropositive, 13% have both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and 28% are seronegative. 1 In the general population, for the first time since the 1976 inception of NHANES, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 has decreased; overall, the age-adjusted HSV-2 seroprevalence was 17% in 1999-2004, compared with 21% in 1988-94, a relative decrease of 19% between the two study periods. Among those infected with HSV-2, the percentage who reported being diagnosed was 14.3% in 1999-2004 and 9.9% in 1988-94, suggesting that more providers are aware of genital herpes, and able to make appropriate diagnoses. 2 However, the vast majority of people infected with HSV-2 remain undiagnosed and, therefore, untreated and able to spread the infection. Between 75% and 90% of HSV-2-infected people are not aware of having the infection. [3][4][5][6] This is important because most sexual transmission of HSV occurs during episodes of subclinical reactivation among persons with unrecognized infection. 4,7-10 Virtually all HSV-2 seropositive people have intermittent shedding from the genital mucosa, and most have mild (and hence unrecognized and undiagnosed) disease. 5 In the absence of symptoms, HSV-2 can be detected in the genital tract, by viral culture, on 3% of days for the first year after initial infection, then on 1% of days for the next 2 years. HSV-2 DNA can be detected by polymerase chain reaction testing 15-20% of days. 11,12 Recent data suggest that HSV reactivation may occur much more frequently than previously understood, and may be characterised by frequent short bursts of viral shedding that do not correlate with symptoms. 13 As HSV-2 seroprevalence decreased, HSV-1 seroprevalence in the USA increased to 62% in 1988-94 from 57.7% in 1999-2004. 2 Among persons infected with HSV-1 but not HSV-2, a higher percentage reported a diagnosis of genital herpes in 1999-2004 compared with 1988-94 (1.8% versus 0.4%). 2 HSV-1 has emerged as a major cause of genital herpes among college-age populations, in which up to 80% of new cases of genital HSV were caused by HSV-1. [14][1...

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“…HSV was previously thought to be in the latent state most of the time during chronic infection, with rare clinically evident reactivation episodes, conceptually similar to varicella zoster virus (VZV). However, shedding studies using anogenital swabs collected by HSV-2-seropositive persons once or multiple times daily for viral culture or for quantitative real-time PCR have revealed that HSV and the host are in constant conflict, with frequent HSV reactivation and rapid clearance (31). This implies host responses that likely involve cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms of innate as well as acquired immunity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HSV-2: in pursuit of a vaccine

Johnston

Koelle²,

Wald³

2011

J. Clin. Invest.

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127

111

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Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In addition to recurrent genital ulcers, HSV-2 causes neonatal herpes, and it is associated with a 3-fold increased risk for HIV acquisition. Although many HSV-2 vaccines have been studied in animal models, few have reached clinical trials, and those that have been tested in humans were not consistently effective. Here, we review HSV-2 pathogenesis, with a focus on novel understanding of mucosal immunobiology of HSV-2, and vaccine efforts to date, in an attempt to stimulate thinking about future directions for development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic HSV-2 vaccines.

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Rapidly Cleared Episodes of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation in Immunocompetent Adults

Cited by 249 publications

References 40 publications

Role of Herpes Virus in Periodontal Diseases

Role of Herpes Virus in Periodontal Diseases

Prevention of neonatal herpes

HSV-2: in pursuit of a vaccine

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