Rapidly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Cultured from Home Tap and Shower Water

Ingen, Jakko van; Blaak, Hetty; Beer, Jessica de; Husman, Ana Maria de Roda; Soolingen, Dick van

doi:10.1128/aem.00843-10

Cited by 56 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Most of the species isolated from fish spas have previously been found as the cause of illness in immune competent persons after exposure to various water sources, including whirlpool footbaths in a nail salon (M. fortuitum) [26], a fish tank after contact with broken glass (M. senegalense) [27], and therapy pool water (M. phocaicum) [28]. In the Netherlands, RGM have been isolated from tap and shower water without a direct link to illness [14]. M. chelonae, M. abscessus, and M. fortuitum are frequently found in clinical samples whereas the other species recovered from fish spas are less frequently observed [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plates were sealed in air permeable bags; one plate was incubated at 30 °C and the other at 36 °C for up to three weeks, with weekly inspection for growth of colonies with characteristic morphology. Presumptive mycobacterial colonies were picked, to a total of 10 per sample, and subcultured onto Middlebrook 7H10 agar plates supplemented with Delvocid (Tritium Microbiologie, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) at 30 °C and 36 °C, and identified by sequencing of the rpoB gene [13,14].…”

Section: Sample Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The microbiological quality of water in fish spas with Garra rufa fish, the Netherlands, October to November 2012

Schets

Berg

Zwaan³

et al. 2015

Eurosurveillance

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In fish spas, clients may submerge their hands, feet or whole body in basins with Garra rufa fish, for dead skin removal. Skin infections may result from using these spas, transmitted from fish to clients, through either fish or water, or from client to client. The microbiological water quality was determined in 24 fish spas in 16 companies in the Netherlands through analysis of a single water sample per fish spa. Water samples were tested for the presence of Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nontuberculous mycobacteria, and faecal indicator bacteria by using standard culture methods. The majority of the examined fish spas contained Aeromonas spp. (n?=?24), P. aeruginosa (n?=?18), Vibrio spp. (n?=?16) including V. cholerae non-O1/O139 and V. vulnificus, and several rapid growing Mycobacterium spp. (n?=?23) including M. fortuitum, M. conceptionense, M. abscessus and M. chelonae. Faecal contamination of the fish spa water was low. Based on the detected concentrations of Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., and P. aeruginosa, the detected Mycobacterium spp., and the health implications of these bacteria, the health risk from using fish spas is considered limited for healthy people with an intact skin and no underlying disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiological quality of water in fish spas with Garra rufa fish, the Netherlands, October to November 2012

Schets

Berg

Zwaan³

et al. 2015

Eurosurveillance

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“…rDNA sequencing, and alternative targets such as rpoB, hsp65, or sodA must be used. The exact source of this pathogen has not been identified, however, municipal water sources have been implicated [1,2]. Most isolates were found in Pennsylvania, and after testing confirmed the bacterium to be distinct from M. chelonae, the bacterium was named for Benjamin Franklin [1].…”

Section: Conclusion and Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

Tattoo-associated Mycobacterium franklinii infection

Elenitsas¹

2017

CRDOA

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A 36 year-old African American man with no remarkable medical history had an amateur tattoo performed on his left upper arm. Within 1 month, he developed small asymptomatic skin colored papules clustered in and around the tattoo ( Figure 1). A trial of 1% hydrocortisone ointment was ineffective and new papules continued to appear.The patient was referred to dermatology 2 months later and a punch biopsy of his eruption was performed. The biopsy revealed a dense mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis comprised of lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils ( Figure 2A). Adjacent to the inflammatory infiltrate were large, coarse, black granules, consistent with tattoo pigment ( Figure 2B). Acid-fast bacilli and Fite stains demonstrated a small cluster of mycobacterial organisms within the infiltrate ( Figure 2C).Based on the histopathology result, tissue was obtained for routine, mycobacterial, and fungal culture and the patient was started on oral ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin. Seven days later, the mycobacterial culture was positive for growth of an acid fast organism, subsequently identified as Mycobacterium franklinii, by rpoB gene sequencing. The organism was susceptible to amikacin, doxycycline, minocycline, and clarithromycin. While the patient had not developed new lesions during the time between biopsy and culture result, the papules had persisted on oral antibiotic therapy. Based on the speciation result and his lack of improvement, he was referred to an infectious diseases specialist for further care and his regimen was altered to doxycycline and clarithromycin. DiscussionM. franklinii is an acid-fast, gram positive bacillus. It is a recently described member of rapidly growing mycobacteria which cause skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections in both immune competent and immune AbstractImportance: Tattoo-associated cutaneous mycobacterial infections have been reported with increasing frequency. The majority of these have been associated with M. chelonae, a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium. M. franklinii is a newly described member of the M. chelonae-abscessus group, which can cause upper respiratory and rare skin infections. It has a distinct genetic profile and anti-microbial sensitivities. Unlike M. chelonae, M. franklinii may carry the erm gene, which confers inducible macrolide antibiotic resistance. Therefore, localized infection cannot be treated with macrolide monotherapy. Observations:We report a case of a 36 year-old African American man who developed an eruption of asymptomatic papules at the site of a tattoo he received 1 month previously. A punch biopsy demonstrated mixed inflammation with a small focus of acid-fast positive organisms. Tissue culture and genetic testing using rpoB sequencing identified the organism as M. franklinii. Based on these results, he was successfully treated with a combination of doxycycline and clarithromycin. Conclusions and Relevance:It is important for dermatologists to recognize newly described non-...

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“…Some authors have published data on direct links between MAP or cow's milk and the mentioned diseases (Hanson, 1998;Davis, 2001;Virtanen and Knip, 2003;Dow, 2006). Comprehensive studies and reviews are available on the links of Crohn's disease with social and ethnic factors (Economou and Pappas, 2008;Hou et al, 2009), urban dwelling and communal water availability (Falkinham et al, 2008;Kaevska and Hruska, 2010;van Ingen et al, 2010), showers and bathrooms with hot water supplies (Gent et al, 1994;Duggan et al, 1998), the use of home refrigerators (Hugot et al, 2003) and higher hygienic standards (Guarner, 2007;Klement et al, 2008). Some important findings have been published as far back as 20 years ago (Thomson, 1993;Colombel and Gowerrousseau, 1994;Wurzelmann et al, 1994).…”

Section: Paratuberculosis In Ruminants (Johne's Disease)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in powdered infant milk: F57 competitive real time PCR

Hruška¹,

Slaná²,

Králík³

et al. 2011

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in concentrations from 48 to 32 500 cells per gram of powdered infant milk were found in 18 out of 51 investigated samples (35%) in this study. More than 10 000 cells per gram were present in four samples (7.8%). Such concentrations mean that one package of milk contains 5 million MAP cells, which are ingested by a bottle-fed baby over the course of several days. Premature babies and bottle-fed newborns can be affected by pro-inflammatory triggers from a huge number of mycobacteria despite not suffering from infection with bacteria or viruses often linked with the etiology of Crohn's disease.

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Rapidly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Cultured from Home Tap and Shower Water

Cited by 56 publications

References 12 publications

The microbiological quality of water in fish spas with Garra rufa fish, the Netherlands, October to November 2012

The microbiological quality of water in fish spas with Garra rufa fish, the Netherlands, October to November 2012

Tattoo-associated Mycobacterium franklinii infection

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in powdered infant milk: F57 competitive real time PCR

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