Rapidly rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents aged 0–19 years in Zhejiang, China, 2007 to 2013

Abstract

The incidence of diabetes in Zhejiang was relatively low, although rapidly rising trends have been found in recent years, particularly in younger children. Further monitoring and research are urgently required to better understand possible environmental risk factors and formulate preventive strategies.

A1 beta-casein milk protein and other environmental pre-disposing factors for type 1 diabetes

“…The more recent longitudinal data sets from Shanghai 10 and Zhejiang, 11 combined with the threefold increase since 2000 of per capita milk consumption in urban China, 12 also give credence to a link with a component of milk. Accordingly, the ecological epidemiological data, although not proving causation, provide powerful evidence that A1 β-casein is a causal factor in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.…”

“…10 In Zhejiang, a major city south of Shanghai at an earlier stage of economic development, the mean incidence in adolescents aged ⩽19 years increased at a rate of 12.0% per year, from 1.22 per 100 000 in 2007 (age standardised) to 2.48 per 100 000 in 2013. 11 The greatest increase in Zhejiang was in children aged <5 years with a rate of 33.61% per year. It is notable that the increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in China in recent years is mirrored by an increase in per capita dairy product consumption among urban residents of 12 kg from nearly 6 kg in 1992 to 18 kg by 2006.…”

Incidence of childhood onset type 1 diabetes in Western Australia from 1985 to 2016: Evidence for a plateau

“…Data from this register were last published for the period 1985 to 2010, during which a mean annual incidence of 18.1/100 000 person years, and a cyclical pattern of 5‐yearly peaks and troughs in incidence were observed . Over the past 5 years, varying patterns of childhood T1D have been reported in different populations including a plateauing, as well as a rapid increase, in incidence . Therefore, the aim of this study was to update the incidence of T1D in children aged 0 to 14 years in Western Australia from 2011 to 2016, and to examine the temporal trends from 1985 to 2016.…”

A brief campaign to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis in children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus: The NO-DKA Study

“…Notably, the incidence of T1D in Auckland would rank as the fourth highest incidence relative to 56 other countries . While there was an increase of 1.3 years in age at diagnosis of T1D in Auckland over 20 years, the evidence worldwide is conflicting, with marked differences between countries and according to sex …”