Rare causes of osteoporosis

Abstract

SummaryOsteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by loss of bone mass and strength, resulting in increased risk of fractures. It is classically divided into primary (postmenopausal or senile), secondary and idiopathic forms. There are many rare diseases, that cause directly or indirectly osteoporosis. The identification and classification of most of these rare causes of osteoporosis is crucial for the specialists in endocrinology and not, in order to prevent this bone complication and to provide for an early therapy. Several pathogenic mechanisms are involved, including various aspects of bone metabolism such as: decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption, altered calcium, phosphorus and/or vitamin D homeostasis, and abnormal collagen synthesis. In this review, less common forms of primary and secondary osteoporosis are described, specifying, if applicable: genetic causes, epidemiology, clinical features, and pathogenic mechanisms causing osteoporosis. A greater awareness of all rare causes of osteoporosis could reduce the number of cases classified as idiopathic osteoporosis and allow the introduction of appropriate and timely treatments.

Evaluation of Transfer Learning with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Screening Osteoporosis in Dental Panoramic Radiographs

“…Moreover, it is expected that more people will be affected by osteoporosis in the future and, consequently, the rate of osteoporotic fractures will increase [8]. This is because the disease initially develops without any symptoms, remains undiagnosed due to scarce symptomatology, and its first manifestation is often a low-energy fracture of long bones or vertebrae [9].…”

Blueberry Juice Antioxidants Protect Osteogenic Activity against Oxidative Stress and Improve Long-Term Activation of the Mineralization Process in Human Osteoblast-Like SaOS-2 Cells: Involvement of SIRT1

“…Many literature data suggest a positive relationship between antioxidant intake and prevention of bone loss often associated with increased bone fractures [18,20,24,27]. For this, osteoporosis is considered a highly debilitating and socially relevant pathology; in fact, among the elderly, the pathological consequences of osteoporosis are among the main causes of mortality [28,29]. Recently, it was shown that diets containing blueberry (BB) prevent osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats [19,26,30]; indeed, BB and, in particular, Vaccinuim myrtillus (VM) have a wide variety and high concentrations of well-characterized polyphenols such as anthocyanins, coumarins, flavonols, flavanols, and their phenolic derivatives [31,32], with beneficial properties in bone anabolism [17][18][19][20][21].…”

A Case of Short Stature and Severe Osteoporosis in a Young Man with Oculocutaneous Albinism: Syndrome or Coincidence?

“…Chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, thalassemia major, primary biliary cirrhosis, mastocytosis, mucopolysaccharidoses, Gaucher's disease, galactosemia, and systemic sclerosis are other rare causes of osteoporosis [13]. However, the patient in this case report did not have any history or clinical features suggestive of these rare conditions.…”

“…Endocrine causes for osteoporosis, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, hypogonadism, and hyperprolactinemia, were ruled out by normal endocrine tests [13]. It must be noted that the patient in this case report had a serum IGF-1 level below the age-specific and gender-specific reference range, generating a suspicion of isolated GHD, which is another rare endocrine cause of osteoporosis and short stature.…”