“…11,12 However, the use of metal catalysts is limited due to their high cost, uncertainty in terms of long-term availability and sustainability, poor selectivity, low durability, susceptibility to gas poisoning, and negative environmental impact, hindering their application in industry. 13 To overcome the limitations of traditional metal catalysts, a variety of metal-containing porous materials, specifically covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), 14,15 and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), 16,17 have been widely explored as effective CO 2 sorption materials, and, more recently, also as materials for conversion. However, many obstacles remain in the development of the CO 2 capture and conversion processes, including the design of stable and metal-free materials with high CO 2 adsorption abilities and selectivity, effective CO 2 conversion under benign conditions, affordability and recyclability.…”