Rare-earth elements market: A historical and financial perspective

Fernández, Viviana

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.05.010

Cited by 129 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Given REEs' complex intermetallic‐forming behavior, they are prone to numerous interactions in ternary and higher systems; therefore different alloying behavior may be expected in systems where single or specific combinations of REEs represent the sole/predominant addition . Along with falling REE‐prices, and demand for ever‐greater performance, these elements have been the focus of renewed interest.…”

Section: Rare Earth Application To Magnesium Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the published research, articles on Ce and Y dominate, with La, Nd, and Gd also popular; by contrast, the minimal discussion of Sc and the heavier lanthanides stands out. This is likely largely driven by cost concerns, as the L‐REEs + Y have historically been substantially more affordable, a major issue for structural applications where large amounts of these elements are required; for aerospace and automotive applications particularly, density may also penalize extensive use of the heavy lanthanides. Conversely, neither issue is as pressing for biomedical applications, where corrosion and toxicity concerns are instead paramount.…”

Section: Rare Earth Application To Magnesium Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Application of the Rare Earths to Magnesium and Titanium Metallurgy in Australia

Biesiekierski

Wen

2019

Advanced Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

These elements have huge relevance in the modern world, in applications spanning electronics, biomedicine, structural materials, and more; many rely on their unique electronic properties as the only nonradioactive elements with electrons occupying the f-subshell. [1] However, REEs have long been topics of moderate interest for their application in metallurgy, such as the bulk purification of steels and other alloys, or the improvement of the hightemperature properties of Mg alloys. [3] In recent years, however, progress in materials science has intensified interest in the REE elements. Notably, these are the rise of magnesium (Mg)-based alloys for both biodegradable implant materials and highly weight-sensitive applications in the automotive and aerospace sectors, and the growth of powder-metallurgy (PM) and additive-manufacturing (AM) fabrication methods for titanium (Ti). This change can be seen graphically in Figure 1, with the sharp spike in publications starting shortly after the new millennium. Thus, the importance of REEs, particularly the L-REEs, is highlighted in both the biomedical sector and in high-performance aerospace and automotive roles. Given the biomedical sector represented some 62 000 jobs and $4.9 billion of value to the national GDP in 2016, [5] Australia is well positioned to benefit from advances in biomedical technology; the recent launch of the Australian Space Agency suggests that the aerospace sector may soon grow as well. [6] As such, here, we will attempt to summarize relevant research over the past decade in this field, highlighting work from Australian institutions; the aim of this summary is to help assist in both understanding the current state-of-the-art, and to identify promising areas for future research where Australia is well positioned to leverage existing expertise. Rare Earth Application to Magnesium AlloysMuch of the current research on REE-containing alloys is concerned with Mg alloy systems. Mg-based alloys have long been attractive options in aerospace and automotive applications; at ≈1.7-8 g cm −3 , Mg-based alloys have the lowest density of the common structural metals by a substantial margin, [7] yielding exceptional specific strengths/stiffnesses ideal for weightsensitive applications. Beyond aerospace and automotive sectors, however, the last two decades have seen the sharp rise in interest by the biomedical sector. In this regard, Mg and its alloys are again well suited; Mg shows exceedingly low toxicities coupled with numerous bioactive effects, and can achieve Rare earth elements (REEs) have found application in metallurgical processes for nearly a century due to their unique chemical and physical properties but have gained increased attention in recent decades. Notably, the use of these elements may assist in the development of advanced magnesium and titanium products for applications spanning biomedicine, aerospace, and the automotive industry. To this end, current progress in this area, highlighting work done in Australian research organizations with partic...

show abstract

Section: Rare Earth Application To Magnesium Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rare Earth Application To Magnesium Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of the Rare Earths to Magnesium and Titanium Metallurgy in Australia

Biesiekierski

Wen

2019

Advanced Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They can be used in the production of materials like fluorescent lamps, lasers, super-magnets, turbines, thin film solar cells, atomic batteries, LEDs, high performance batteries, and cell phones [1][2][3][4]. Rare earth elements (REEs), which include the lanthanides, yttrium (Y), and europium (Eu), have been the focus of several studies in recent years due to their contribution in high-tech applications as luminescent materials, in the production of television screens, computer monitors, compact fluorescent light bulbs, X-ray scans, reactors, and lasers, among others [5,6]. The ever-increasing demand and limited resources for the extraction of these elements have motivated the development of new and sustainable methods for separation and recovery of REEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Recovery of Europium and Yttrium Ions with Cyanex 272-Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers

Martín

Jalaff²,

García³

et al. 2019

Nanomaterials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rare earth elements (REEs), which include lanthanides as yttrium and europium became crucial in the last decade in many sectors like automotive, energy, and defense. They contribute to the increment efficiency and performance of different products. In this paper nanofiber membranes have been successfully applied for the selective recovery of Eu(III) and Y(III) from aqueous solutions. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun nanofibers were impregnated with a commercial organic extractant, Cyanex 272, in order to increase their affinity to rare earth metals ions. The coated nanofibers were characterized by SEM, ATR-FTIR, and TGA. Firstly, the adsorption of Eu(III) and Y(III) were evaluated in batch mode. Experimental data showed that the adsorption of Y(III) and Eu(III) corresponds to pseudo-second order model, with Langmuir sorption model being the best fit for both target ions. The results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity was high, showing a maximum capacity of 200 and 400 mg/g for Y(III) and Eu(III), respectively. Additionally, the presence of interfering ions does not show significative effects in the adsorption process. Finally, experiments in continuous mode indicated that the adsorption of the target elements is close to 100%, showing that PAN-272 is a promising material for the recovery of earth metal ions.

show abstract

“…The REEs are sought after in both mature and stable markets, including metallurgy, lighting, glass manufacturing, catalysts, etc., which occupy 41% of global consumption [13][14][15], as well as growing emerging markets (alloys for batteries, permanent magnets, etc.) [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Iron Ore Tailings as Secondary Deposits of Rare Earths

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rare earths have appeared in the market with new energy and Information Technology and Communications (ITC) applications. While their demand grows exponentially, their production is experiencing a bottleneck given that their deposits are concentrated in very few locations, mainly in China. This scarcity and dependence have turned them into strategic minerals, and the location of new sources has become vital. On the other hand, the inevitable trend towards sustainability favors the reuse of waste to avoid the degradation of new areas and the need for waste storage. One of the biggest generators of waste is iron mining. The tailings are stored in huge ponds with consequent environmental problems and risks. As tailings come from a concentration process, they incorporate different amounts of rare earths depending on their separation behavior. To evaluate the viability of these resources as potential repositories of rare earths, samples of different types of deposits and treatments were selected. The presence of different rare earths in them was determined through spectroscopy techniques to evaluate their use as a deposit. The results show an increase in the concentration of rare earths, especially high-density ones, which, although currently not economically feasible given the very wide geographical distribution of iron mining, represent a fundamental strategic reserve.

show abstract

Rare-earth elements market: A historical and financial perspective

Cited by 129 publications

References 14 publications

The Application of the Rare Earths to Magnesium and Titanium Metallurgy in Australia

The Application of the Rare Earths to Magnesium and Titanium Metallurgy in Australia

Selective Recovery of Europium and Yttrium Ions with Cyanex 272-Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers

The Potential of Iron Ore Tailings as Secondary Deposits of Rare Earths

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About