Rare earth minerals and resources in the world

Kanazawa, Yasuo; Kamitani, Masaharu

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.033

Cited by 427 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though no uniform pattern can be presented, the illegal production is estimated to reach 20% of the legal production in China [18]. Currently, more than 200 REE-bearing minerals have been identified [19,20]; however, most of the global REE production currently comes from four minerals: bastnäsite, monazite, xenotime, and loparite [9]. Bastnäsite in China constitutes the largest percentage of global REE production, followed by monazite in Australia and India, loparite in Russia, and xenotime in Malaysia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies

2017

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Rare earth elements (REE) are widely used in high technologies, medical devices, and military defense systems, and are especially indispensable in emerging clean energy. Along with the growing market of green energy in the next decades, global demand for REE will increase continuously, which will put great pressure on the current REE supply chain. The global REE production is currently mainly concentrated in China and Australia; they respectively contributed 85% and 10% in 2016. However, there are 178 deposits widely distributed in the world, and reported REE resources as of 2017 totaled 478 megaton (Mt) rare earth oxides (REO); 58% of these deposits contained exceed 0.1 Mt REO; 59 deposits have been technically assessed. These resources could sustain the global REE production at the current pace for more than a hundred years. It is noted that REE demand from clean technologies will reach 51.9 thousand metric tons (kt) REO in 2030, Nd and Dy, respectively, comprising 75% and 9%, while these two elements comprise 15% and 0.52% of the global REE resources, respectively. This indicates that Nd and Dy will strongly influence the development of exploring new REE projects and clean technologies in the next decades.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies

2017

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“…Cerium and other rare earths (REs) have the potential to accumulate progressively in soil due to their increased use in a variety of modern industries and in the last 30 years their wide use as fertilizers in Chinese agriculture (Hu et al, 2004;Tyler, 2004;El-Ramady, 2010;Emsley, 2011;Ramos et al, 2016). Due to elevated concentrations of REs in phosphate fertilizers, Ce can accumulate in agricultural soils outside China too (Kanazawa and Kamitani, 2006;Ramos et al, 2016). For example, it has been estimated that in Brazilian soils 12,000 t of Ce were added through phosphate fertilizers in 2014 (Ramos et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerium negatively impacts the nutritional status in rapeseed

Poščić

Marchiol

2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…An estimated 200 different species of RE minerals which have been defined to date have indicated significant RE characteristics and the associated properties are defined as RE minerals. 9,10 Basically, REEs were originally discovered in compounds of carbonates, oxides, phosphates, halides, and silicates. 9 They are classified into 2 groups based on their atomic numbers: Light rare earth elements or LREEs and heavy rare earth elements or HREEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 Basically, REEs were originally discovered in compounds of carbonates, oxides, phosphates, halides, and silicates. 9 They are classified into 2 groups based on their atomic numbers: Light rare earth elements or LREEs and heavy rare earth elements or HREEs. 6 LREEs are also known as the 'ceries' which is within the atomic number ranging from 57-63 (La to Eu), whereas HREEs are known as 'yttrics' and it is within the atomic number ranging from 64-71 (Gd-Lu).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Rare Earth Mineral Processing Technology

Suli

Ibrahim

Aziz

et al. 2017

Chem. Eng. Res. Bull.

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Abstract:The recent technological advancement has made the rare earth elements (REEs) more significant and they in turn have facilitated the culmination of more new technological applications owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this regard, renewable energy applications such as wind turbine and hybrid cars testify to the increasing demands on permanent magnet in the future. Considering such increasing demands on REEs, it is felt necessary to identify alternative producers of REEs outside of China as one of the measures to create a fair competition and control the price on the market. It is worth highlighting that the separation of rare earth can be both complex and challenging owing to similar properties which are shared by them. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review and summarize the rare earth processing routes, the mostly employed rare earth separation methods, supply and demand of rare earth around the world and some possible scenarios in rare earth market. This review has critically looked into a few authors' recent reviews on six major processes of rare earth processing steps and each step is considered as important to produce both high quality and better quantity of REEs.

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Rare earth minerals and resources in the world

Cited by 427 publications

References 4 publications

Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies

Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies

Cerium negatively impacts the nutritional status in rapeseed

A Review of Rare Earth Mineral Processing Technology

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