Rare Tokens Degenerate All Tokens: Improving Neural Text Generation via Adaptive Gradient Gating for Rare Token Embeddings

Abstract

Recent studies have determined that the learned token embeddings of large-scale neural language models are degenerated to be anisotropic with a narrow-cone shape. This phenomenon, called the representation degeneration problem, facilitates an increase in the overall similarity between token embeddings that negatively affect the performance of the models. Although the existing methods that address the degeneration problem based on observations of the phenomenon triggered by the problem improves the performance of the text generation, the training dynamics of token embeddings behind the degeneration problem are still not explored. In this study, we analyze the training dynamics of the token embeddings focusing on rare token embedding. We demonstrate that the specific part of the gradient for rare token embeddings is the key cause of the degeneration problem for all tokens during training stage. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel method called, adaptive gradient gating (AGG). AGG addresses the degeneration problem by gating the specific part of the gradient for rare token embeddings. Experimental results from language modeling, word similarity, and machine translation tasks quantitatively and qualitatively verify the effectiveness of AGG.

No Word Embedding Model Is Perfect: Evaluating the Representation Accuracy for Social Bias in the Media

“…Lastly, we were only able to evaluate a limited number of word embedding algorithms that account for token frequency issues. Potential alternatives include KAFE (Ashfaq et al, 2022), which relies on a knowledge graph to improve token representations, and AGG (Yu et al, 2022), for which the code was not available at the time of conducting the experiments. Similarly, we chose to fine-tune our BERT model for four epochs in all cases to obtain a comparable setting.…”