Rate dependence of swelling in lithium-ion cells

Oh, Ki‐Yong; Siegel, Jason B.; Secondo, Lynn E.; Kim, Sun Ung; Samad, Nassim A.; Qin, Jiawei; Anderson, Dyche; Garikipati, Krishna; Knobloch, Aaron; Epureanu, Bogdan I.; Monroe, Charles W.; Stefanopoulou, Anna G.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.039

Cited by 170 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Note that this is a rough estimate which does not include deformation of other components in the cell stack, thermal expansion, or the concentration-dependent expansion behavior of the materials, which are also important factors in determining cell expansion. 31 Nevertheless, we believe this "rule of thumb" conversion to be reasonable in providing an order of magnitude estimate for constrained LCO/C systems. For higher expansion materials, the equivalent C-rate would be lower for a given strain rate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Mechanical Properties of a Battery Separator under Compression and Tension

Cannarella

Liu

Leng

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

204

143

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Knowledge of the compressive mechanical properties of battery separator membranes is important for understanding their long term performance in battery cells where they are placed under compression. This paper presents a straightforward procedure for measuring the compressive mechanical properties of battery separator membranes using a universal compression testing machine. The compressive mechanical properties of a microporous polypropylene separator are characterized over a range of strain rates and in different fluid environments. These measurements are then compared to measurements of the rate and fluid-dependent mechanical properties of the separator under tension. High strain rate dependence due to viscoelasticity is observed in both tension and compression. An additional rate dependence due to poroelastic effects is observed in compression at high strain rates. A reduction in mechanical properties is observed in DMC solvent environments for both tension and compression, but is found to be less pronounced in compression. The difference in mechanical properties between compression and tension highlight the anisotropic nature of battery separators and the importance of measuring compressive properties in addition to tensile properties. The battery separator is a porous polymer membrane used to create a physical barrier between electrodes in a battery cell. The separator must be mechanically robust to ensure safe operation over the cell's service life: mechanical failure leading to electrode contact can result in catastrophic failure of the cell.1-3 Such failure often follows from puncture or thermal shrinkage of the membrane.4-6 Non-catastrophic battery failure through the form of accelerated degradation can also result from separator deformation. [7][8][9] The importance of the mechanical properties of the separator with respect to battery safety and durability has consequently motivated much research on the mechanical properties of battery separators.Previous works on the mechanical properties of separator have mainly investigated the mechanical properties under tension. [10][11][12][13][14] While knowledge of the tensile properties of the separator are important from a manufacturing standpoint, where the separator is placed under tension during cell assembly, the tensile properties are less relevant for general battery operation. This is because the separator is placed under compression during typical battery operating conditions, where it is compressed in the direction normal to the plane of the large separator face by the anode and cathode. This compressive stress is cyclic owing to reversible electrode strains and gradually increases during operation as a result of irreversible volumetric increases occurring on the electrodes. 9,15 These stack stresses during operation have been observed to be on the order of 1MPa in previous work, 9,15,16 although the presence of geometric non-uniformities (e.g. particles and curved faces) can result in local stresses that are significantly higher. 17-19The mechanical...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Mechanical Properties of a Battery Separator under Compression and Tension

Cannarella

Liu

Leng

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

204

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The structure of the jelly roll results in electrode expansion in the direction perpendicular to its largest face. 23 The NMC cells were extracted from a HEV battery pack. In a vehicle battery pack, multiple cells are stacked together in an array and constrained together under compression to prevent expansion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This means that the cell has to operate at the low SOC range (below 40%) in order to estimate and monitor capacity fading. In more recent work, focus has been directed toward understanding and modeling the mechanical behavior of batteries 19,20,23,31 in an attempt to provide better means to estimate the states of a battery, mainly SOC and SOH. In Ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors in Ref. 23 show that, unlike voltage which changes minimally with C-rate, strain can vary significantly and can be used for characterizing dynamic system states. More recently, other methods have investigated the first and second derivative of strain with respect to charge, by measuring the strain on the surface of the battery during charging and discharging.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Battery Capacity Fading Estimation Using a Force-Based Incremental Capacity Analysis

Samad

Kim

Siegel

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Traditionally health monitoring techniques in lithium-ion batteries rely on voltage and current measurements. A novel method of using a mechanical rather than electrical signal in the incremental capacity analysis (ICA) method is introduced in this paper. This method derives the incremental capacity curves based on measured force (ICF) instead of voltage (ICV). The force is measured on the surface of a cell under compression in a fixture that replicates a battery pack assembly and preloading. The analysis is performed on data collected from cycling encased prismatic Lithium-ion Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide (NMC) cells. For the NMC chemistry, the ICF method can complement or replace the ICV method for the following reasons. The identified ICV peaks are centered around 40% of state of charge (SOC) while the peaks of the ICF method are centered around 70% of SOC indicating that the ICF can be used more often because it is more likely that an electric vehicle (EV) or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) will traverse the 70% SOC range than the 40% SOC. In addition the Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) of the force signal is four times larger than the voltage signal using laboratory grade sensors. The proposed ICF method is shown to achieve 0.42% accuracy in capacity estimation during a low C-rate constant current discharge. Future work will investigate the application of the capacity estimation technique under charging and operation under high C-rates by addressing the transient behavior of force so that an online methodology for capacity estimation is Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have been one of the most popular choices for use as power sources in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Their popularity stems from their high energy and power densities and their ability to achieve long driving ranges. However, their performance suffers from aging and degradation 1,29,33 that should be recognized and accounted for to achieve efficient long term performance. Thus significant research has been focused on trying to understand the aging mechanisms in Li-ion cells and connect them with measurable and identifiable features in an effort to improve the utilization and reliability of these cells through the battery management system (BMS). The power capability and capacity are both important factors used to determine the state of health (SOH). The SOH of a battery is usually quantified using either resistance growth 3,8,17,18,25,32 or capacity loss. 9,13,35,36 This paper focuses on the capacity fading dimension of SOH.Several methods haven been introduced in literature for the evaluation of the aging in battery. Traditional and conventional methods rely on voltage measurements. In Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), the electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time.12 And the resulting current is plotted vs voltage. Peaks in the CV indicate reactions and, a shift in their location is correlated with aging. The probability density function (PDF) method applies a histogram to the charge/discharge voltage data o...

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“…The surface expansion of a Li-ion cell is affected by the discharge/charge rate used, as shown by researchers using a 5-Ah NMC cathode battery [50]. The battery swelling results from electrode expansion during electrochemical cycling.…”

Section: Lithium Concentration Cycles and C-ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Stress Measurement Techniques on Li-ion Battery Electrodes: A Review

Cheng

Pecht

2017

Energies

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Li-ion batteries experience mechanical stress evolution due in part to Li intercalation into and de-intercalation out of the electrodes, ultimately resulting in performance degradation. In situ measurements of electrode stress can be used to analyze stress generation factors, verify mechanical deformation models, and validate degradation mechanisms. They can also be embedded in Li-ion battery management systems when stress sensors are either implanted in electrodes or attached on battery surfaces. This paper reviews in situ measurement methods of electrode stress based on optical principles, including digital image correlation, curvature measurement, and fiber optical sensors. Their experimental setups, principles, and applications are described and contrasted. This literature review summarizes the current status of these stress measurement methods for battery electrodes and discusses recent developments and trends.

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Rate dependence of swelling in lithium-ion cells

Cited by 170 publications

References 23 publications

Mechanical Properties of a Battery Separator under Compression and Tension

Mechanical Properties of a Battery Separator under Compression and Tension

Battery Capacity Fading Estimation Using a Force-Based Incremental Capacity Analysis

In Situ Stress Measurement Techniques on Li-ion Battery Electrodes: A Review

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