Rate of Decay of Marble in Laboratory and Outdoor Exposure

Gauri, K. Lal; Kulshreshtha, Niraj P.; Punuru, Adinarayana R.; Chowdhury, Ahad N.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1989)1:2(73)

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There is an extensive chemical literature about the deterioration mechanisms of natural building stones [6,9,10,14,15], which deals with problems concerning modern and historical buildings. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere by sources related to industry, transportation and heating, react with calcium carbonate stones to form sulphates and nitrates, which, due to their solubility in water, may be drained away or, if protected from the rain, may form crusts, that eventually exfoliate, see [6]. Standard methods developed for studying the evolution of this kind of damage use the statistic determination on the ratio dose/response of the materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global existence of solutions to a nonlinear model of sulphation phenomena in calcium carbonate stones

Guarguaglini¹,

Natalini²

2005

Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global existence of solutions to a nonlinear model of sulphation phenomena in calcium carbonate stones

Guarguaglini¹,

Natalini²

2005

Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications

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“…Direct interaction with atmospheric gases, especially SO 2 , may be one of those processes (e.g., Gauri et al, 1983Gauri et al, , 1989Feddema and Meierding, 1987;Skoulikidis and Charalambous, 1981), although other factors such as air circulation patterns may still leave the base relatively unweathered Figure 2. A 1902 tombstone in the Dillon cemetery, with close-up views that show differential weathering of the top and base.…”

Section: Theoretical Basismentioning

confidence: 98%

Surface-recession weathering of marble tombstones: New field data and constraints

Roberts¹

2005

Stone Decay in the Architectural Environment

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Vertical marble-slab tombstones offer unique advantages over natural stone exposures for measuring historical carbonate weathering rates. One of the most commonly measured properties is surface recession rate, defi ned in this study as the difference in thickness between the relatively unweathered base and the weathered top of the tombstone.Use of the "base-minus-top" method makes several assumptions, which are revisited in the light of this research:1. Tombstone thickness from top to base is originally very uniform. Data show that up to 1 mm (but less than 2 mm) original difference in thickness may be common.2. The tombstone base remains suffi ciently unweathered to provide an accurate estimate of the original thickness. Different locations have different maximum ages for which this assumption is valid.3. Weathering is even across the top of the tombstone. Although thickness across the top of an individual weathered tombstone varies, three consistently placed measurements seem to provide a reproducible average thickness.4. Surface recession at the tombstone top is measurable and acceptably precise. The total thickness loss must be signifi cantly greater than the original thickness difference and the experimental error.5. Weathering is dominated by loss of thickness of the marble slab. This assumption is generally correct over long periods of time. However, the data reported here indicate early-stage expansion of some exposed surfaces.6. Surface recession is linear over time. This study documents nonlinear surface recession of tombstone surfaces.

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“…The crusts eventually exfoliate reducing sculptures to hunks of rock. The unprotected surfaces in such environments, however, are subjected to accelerated erosion by the scouring action of acid rain (Gauri et al, 1989;Thomson and White, 1974). As a result, the inscriptions upon such surfaces become faint and the details of relief highly reduced over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Böke¹,

Gauri

2003

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

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Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), prevalent in the modern urban environment of industrial countries, attacks calcite (CaCO 3 ) in marble. As a result, a gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) crust is produced at rainsheltered surfaces while areas exposed to rain experience accelerated erosion. We have investigated the effect of certain surfactants as protective agents against SO 2 attack. We report that the anions oxalate (C 2 O −2 4 ) and oleate (C 17 H 33 COO − ) from solutions of their highly soluble alkali salt species are able to replace carbonate (CO −23 ) in calcite producing less reactive substrate of oxalate and oleate of calcium. Experiments to measure the protection obtained by these treatments were carried out in the laboratory and field conditions at nearly 1ppm and 10 ppb SO 2 concentrations, respectively. We found that these treatments provided significant protection to marble exposed in sheltered areas, up to 30% reduction of reaction rate by treatment with 2 × 10 −4 M sodium oleate and up to 14% by a 2 × 10 −3 M with potassium oxalate solutions, but become ineffective over long term exposure when applied to surfaces exposed to rain. Carrara marble was used in the reported study. Ion chromatography was the analytical tool, which allowed precise measurements of ionic concentrations of these salts, the amount of their uptake by marble, and the thickness of the gypsum crust. X-ray diffraction allowed determination of the new minerals formed at the marble surface by the treatment with surfactants.

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Rate of Decay of Marble in Laboratory and Outdoor Exposure

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Global existence of solutions to a nonlinear model of sulphation phenomena in calcium carbonate stones

Global existence of solutions to a nonlinear model of sulphation phenomena in calcium carbonate stones

Surface-recession weathering of marble tombstones: New field data and constraints

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