Rates of Stellar Tidal Disruption

Stone, Nicholas C.; Vasiliev, E. O.; Kesden, Michael; Rossi, Elena M.; Perets, Hagai B.; Amaro-Seoane, Pau

doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00651-4

Cited by 97 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…As per our findings, worlds at distances of D 0.1-1 kpc may be susceptible to major perturbations of their biosphere by TDEs. Quite intriguingly, the mean interval between these disruptions is 10 4 yrs (Komossa 2015;Stone et al 2020), which is not far removed from the characteristic timescales of ∼ 10 4 − 10 5 yrs associated with Milankovitch cycles (Berger 1988). Therefore, for such worlds, it is conceivable that TDEs could potentially play the role of Milankovitch cycles in regulating climactic and biodiversity patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The impact of tidal disruption events on galactic habitability

Pacetti

Balbi

Lingam

et al. 2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) are characterized by the emission of a short burst of high-energy radiation. We analyze the cumulative impact of TDEs on galactic habitability using the Milky Way as a proxy. We show that X-rays and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation emitted during TDEs can cause hydrodynamic escape and instigate biological damage. By taking the appropriate variables into consideration, such as the efficiency of atmospheric escape and distance from the Galactic center, we demonstrate that the impact of TDEs on galactic habitability is comparable to that of Active Galactic Nuclei. In particular, we show that planets within distances of ∼0.1-1 kpc could lose Earth-like atmospheres over the age of the Earth, and that some of them might be subject to biological damage once every ≳ 104 yrs. We conclude by highlighting potential ramifications of TDEs and argue that they should be factored into future analyses of inner galactic habitability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Lastly, it is possible that the planet's atmosphere may return to its "normal" levels in the 10 4 yrs separating TDEs (Stone et al 2020). However, the loss of 10 −5 of its atmosphere in a short timespan of 1 yr at the distance of ∼ 0.1 kpc as noted earlier could nevertheless be detrimental.…”

Section: Effects On the Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of tidal disruption events on galactic habitability

Pacetti

Balbi

Lingam

et al. 2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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“…The number has grown remarkably in the past decade with the advent of dedicated optical time-domain surveys (Komossa 2015;van Velzen et al 2020). However, there is still a large discrepancy in the event rate between observation and theory (Stone et al 2020). The observations usually find a rate of ∼10 −5 galaxy −1 yr −1 (Donley Table 3).…”

Section: Tde Demography and Missing Energy Puzzlementioning

confidence: 99%

Mid-infrared Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies (MIRONG). I. Sample Selection and Characterization

Jiang

Wang

Dou

et al. 2021

ApJS

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Optical time-domain astronomy has grown rapidly in the past decade, but the dynamic infrared sky is rarely explored. Aiming to construct a sample of mid-infrared outbursts in nearby galaxies (MIRONG), we have conducted a systematical search of low-redshift (z < 0.35) Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic galaxies that have experienced recent mid-infrared (MIR) flares using their Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) light curves. A total of 137 galaxies have been selected by requiring a brightening amplitude of 0.5 mag in at least one WISE band with respect to their quiescent phases. Only a small fraction (10.9%) has corresponding optical flares. Except for the four supernovae (SNe) in our sample, the MIR luminosities of the remaining sources (L 4.6 μm > 10 42 erg s −1) are markedly brighter than known SNe, and their physical locations are very close to the galactic center (median <0 1). Only four galaxies are radio-loud, indicating that synchrotron radiation from relativistic jets could contribute to MIR variability. We propose that these MIR outbursts are dominated by the dust echoes of transient accretion onto supermassive black holes, such as tidal disruption events (TDEs) and turn-on (changinglook) active galactic nuclei. Moreover, the inferred peak MIR luminosity function is generally consistent with the X-ray and optical TDEs at the high end, albeit with large uncertainties. Our results suggest that a large population of transients has been overlooked by optical surveys, probably due to dust obscuration or intrinsically optical weakness. Thus, a search in the infrared band is crucial for us to obtain a panoramic picture of nuclear outburst. The multiwavelength follow-up observations of the MIRONG sample are in progress and will be presented in a series of subsequent papers. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Time domain astronomy (2109); Tidal disruption (1696); Active galactic nuclei (16); Infrared astronomy (786)

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“…A statistically significant result of TDEs with an MBH mass spectrum and with different galaxy properties (e.g., the inner slopes of surface brightness profiles) obtained from observations will be helpful for a comparison with the expectation from the work, e.g., to be achieved by future time-domain sky surveys (Stone et al 2020) by expanding the TDE sample by orders of magnitude and with a sufficiently wide variety in galaxy properties. Such a comparison would provide significant constraints on the occupation number of MBHs in lowmass galaxies, the relationship between MBH mass and host galaxy properties, and general relativistic effects on TDEs, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Based on these observational measurements, the TDE rate is estimated to be ∼ 10 −5 -10 −4 yr −1 gal −1 (e.g., Donley et al 2002;Esquej et al 2008;Maksym et al 2010;Wang et al 2012;van Velzen & Farrar 2014;Khabibullin & Sazonov 2014;Auchettl et al 2018;van Velzen 2018), with large statistical uncertainty. With upcoming time-domain sky surveys, the size of the TDE sample is expected to expand by orders of magnitude (Komossa 2015;Stone et al 2020), and thus the rates of TDEs in different types of galaxies can be determined with an improved statistics. The TDE rates have also been estimated analytically or numerically in many studies (e.g., MT99; Wang & Merritt 2004;Stone & Metzger 2016); and the estimates are typically about a few times 10 −4 yr −1 gal −1 , with the highest disruption rates occurring in faint cuspy galaxies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmic Distributions of Stellar Tidal Disruptions by Massive Black Holes at Galactic Centers

Chen

2020

ApJ

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Stars can be consumed (either tidally disrupted or swallowed whole) by massive black holes (MBHs) at galactic centers when they move into the vicinity of the MBHs. In this study, we investigate the rates of stellar consumptions by central MBHs and their cosmic distributions, including the effects of triaxial galaxy shapes in enhancing the reservoir of low-angular-momentum stars and incorporating realistic galaxy distributions. We find that the enhancement in the stellar consumption rates due to triaxial galaxy shapes can be significant, by a factor of ∼ 3 for MBH mass M BH ∼ 10 5-10 6 M and up to more than one order of magnitude for M BH 10 8 M. Only for M BH 10 7 M are the stellar consumption rates significantly higher in galaxies with steeper inner surface brightness profiles. The average (per galaxy) stellar consumption rates correlate with central MBH masses positively for M BH 10 7 M and negatively for M BH 10 7 M. The volumetric stellar tidal disruption rates are ∼ 3 × 10 −5 yr −1 Mpc −3 for MBHs in the mass range of 10 5-10 8 M at z = 0; and the volumetric stellar consumption rates by MBHs with higher masses are ∼ 10 −6 yr −1 Mpc −3 , which can be the stellar tidal disruption rate if the high-mass BHs are extremely spinning Kerr BHs or the rate of being swallowed if those BHs are Schwarzschild ones. The volumetric stellar consumption rates decrease with increasing redshift, and the decrease is relatively mild for M BH ∼ 10 5-10 7 M and stronger for higher M BH. Most of the stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) at z = 0 occur in galaxies with mass M gal 10 11 M , and about 1%-2% of the TDEs can occur in high-mass galaxies with M gal 10 11 M .

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Rates of Stellar Tidal Disruption

Cited by 97 publications

References 163 publications

The impact of tidal disruption events on galactic habitability

The impact of tidal disruption events on galactic habitability

Mid-infrared Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies (MIRONG). I. Sample Selection and Characterization

Cosmic Distributions of Stellar Tidal Disruptions by Massive Black Holes at Galactic Centers

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