Rational Design of Electrochemical DNA Biosensors for Point‐of‐Care Applications

Abstract

Electrochemical DNA biosensors show great potential for the sensitive and sequence‐specific detection of disease pathogens. To date, although there are a large number of published articles showing various sensing strategies of an electrochemical biosensor, only a few of those studies actually reach the commercialization phase, because addressing one technical issue would usually be at the expense of another. Moreover, there are various adoptable formats in electrochemical biosensors. Current approaches may or may not use enzymes, immobilize DNA probes, label the sensing substrates with an electroactive reporter molecule, or any combination of these. Although much has been paid to individual advantages and disadvantages, there are a very limited number Review articles studying and analyzing the synergistic aspects of various detection strategies when combined with each other. It is the aim of this Review to highlight the hotspots for innovation when these strategies are used in tandem, in order to create more streamlined improvements in making a versatile biosensor platform that can be administered at point of care.

Electrochemical DNA Sensors with Layered Polyaniline—DNA Coating for Detection of Specific DNA Interactions

“…DNA sensors are widely used for the determination of specific biochemical interactions important in medical diagnostics, food quality assessment, and pharmaceutics [1]. Most of the DNA sensors described are intended for detection of certain oligonucleotides related to specific pathogens and complementary to DNA probes attached to the biosensor interface [2]. Nevertheless, there is a growing interest in extension of their application to antitumor drug screening [3], DNA damage, and thermal inactivation detection, etc.…”

Paper-based analytical devices for virus detection: Recent strategies for current and future pandemics

“…As a result of hybridization between ssDNA and the target DNA, the signal is decreased due to the reduced availability of free guanine [ 167 ]. Although nucleic acid-based ePADs show high specificity and stability, efficient hybridization is a challenging task to obtain desired sensitivity [ 168 , 169 ]. While small amounts of probe immobilized on the nucleic acid-based PAD surface can limit analyte binding, excessive probe density can decrease hybridization efficiency due to the saturation of the device surface [ 170 ].…”

Nanobioconjugates for Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Biosensing

“…However, there are still some challenges to face before implementing such reporters in biosensors in a real scenario. For example, biomarkers are commonly present in biological fluids in extremely low concentrations [ 145 ], so their detection and monitoring require highly sensitive devices.…”