Rational design of reinforced rubber

Kohls, D. J.; Beaucage, Gregory

doi:10.1016/s1359-0286(02)00073-6

Cited by 179 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Approximating the blobs as an ideal gas, the density can be written as ρðr; R; lÞ ¼ ρ 0 e −βV bcc ðr;R;lÞ ; [5] where ρ 0 is the bulk density of blobs. V bcc ðr; R; lÞ is the blobcolloid potential energy landscape in the presence of the two colloids.…”

Section: Analytical Calculation Of Intercolloidal Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, introducing inorganic nanoparticles is a well-established technique to reinforce rubbers. The mechanical properties of the material will strongly depend on the size and conformation of colloidal aggregates (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), and, in the last instance, on the polymer-network-mediated colloidal interactions. Semiconductor nanocolloids can be incorporated in polymer-based organic photovoltaic devices to improve efficiency (6)(7)(8)(9)(10), therefore, controlling the aggregation of colloids is needed to optimize the performances of materials for renewable energy production.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Analytical theory of polymer-network-mediated interaction between colloidal particles

Michele

Zaccone

Eiser

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Nanostructured materials based on colloidal particles embedded in a polymer network are used in a variety of applications ranging from nanocomposite rubbers to organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells. Further, polymer-network-mediated colloidal interactions are highly relevant to biological studies whereby polymer hydrogels are commonly employed to probe the mechanical response of living cells, which can determine their biological function in physiological environments. The performance of nanomaterials crucially relies upon the spatial organization of the colloidal particles within the polymer network that depends, in turn, on the effective interactions between the particles in the medium. Existing models based on nonlocal equilibrium thermodynamics fail to clarify the nature of these interactions, precluding the way toward the rational design of polymer-composite materials. In this article, we present a predictive analytical theory of these interactions based on a coarse-grained model for polymer networks. We apply the theory to the case of colloids partially embedded in cross-linked polymer substrates and clarify the origin of attractive interactions recently observed experimentally. Monte Carlo simulation results that quantitatively confirm the theoretical predictions are also presented.polymer nanocomposites | polymer bridging | colloidal aggregation | depletion force I ncorporation of colloidal micro and nanoparticles in crosslinked polymeric materials can be used to tune their structural and electronic properties. For example, introducing inorganic nanoparticles is a well-established technique to reinforce rubbers. The mechanical properties of the material will strongly depend on the size and conformation of colloidal aggregates (1-5), and, in the last instance, on the polymer-network-mediated colloidal interactions. Semiconductor nanocolloids can be incorporated in polymer-based organic photovoltaic devices to improve efficiency (6-10), therefore, controlling the aggregation of colloids is needed to optimize the performances of materials for renewable energy production. For these reasons, there is an urgent need of tools to understand and control colloidal interactions in polymer networks, which is currently a bottleneck in the rational design of functional nanostructured materials.Besides technological applications, polymeric cross-linked hydrogels are often adopted as model systems to study changes in motility, differentiation, and morphology of living cells in response to variations in the compliance of their environment (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Recently, experimental evidence of short-range attractive interactions between silica colloids deposited on extremely soft polyacrylamide hydrogels have been reported. However, knowledge about the origin of these interactions is still missing (19).Colloidal interactions mediated by nonadsorbing polymers in dilute solutions have been successfully described in terms of depletion by the theory of Asakura and Oosawa (20). Scientific investigation then turned ...

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Section: Analytical Calculation Of Intercolloidal Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical theory of polymer-network-mediated interaction between colloidal particles

Michele

Zaccone

Eiser

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…such as the Guth-Gold expression, 44,45 which is based on the Einstein viscosity equation with a term added to enable applicability to higher filler loadings:…”

Section: Flocculation Reinforcement and Glass Transition Effects 511mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flocculation, Reinforcement, and Glass Transition Effects in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Robertson

Lin

Bogoslovov

et al. 2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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The introduction of silanes to improve processability and properties of silica-reinforced rubber compounds is critical to the successful commercial use of silica as a filler in tires and other applications. The use of silanes to promote polymer-filler interactions is expected to limit the development of a percolated filler network and may also affect the mobility of polymer chains near the particles. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was reinforced with silica particles at a filler volume fraction of 0.19, and various levels of filler-filler shielding agent (n-octyltriethoxysilane) and polymerfiller coupling agent (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane) were incorporated. Both types of silane inhibited the filler flocculation process during annealing the uncured rubber materials, thus reducing the magnitude of the Payne effect. In contrast to the significant reinforcement effects noted in the strain-dependent shear modulus, the bulk modulus from hydrostatic compression was largely unaltered by the silanes. Addition of polymer-filler linkages using the coupling agent yielded bound rubber values up to 71%; however, this bound rubber exhibited glass transition behavior which was similar to the bulk SBR response, as determined by calorimetry and viscoelastic testing. Modifying the polymer-filler interface had a strong effect on the nature of the filler network, but it had very little influence on the segmental dynamics of polymer chains proximate to filler particles.

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“…Carbon black is a type of carbon material with widespread applications such as reinforcing compounds in rubbers [1,2], electrically conductive agents in plastics [3,4], and as catalyst support in proton exchange membrane fuel cells [5,6]. Several types of carbon blacks exist, including furnace black, channel black, lamp black, thermal black and acetylene black [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%