Rationale and principle of an instrument measuring lung deposited nanoparticle surface area

Fißan, H.; Neumann, Siegfried; Trampe, A.; Pui, David Y.H.; Shin, Weon Gyu

doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9156-8

Cited by 157 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The principle of operation of the PAS and of the NSAM, which is essentially a diffusion charger, (Ntziachristos et al, 2007c) is very similar. The fundamental difference between the two is the particle charging mechanism: the PAS employs photo-ionization by mean of ultraviolet light (Niessner, 1986;Matter et al, 1999;Jung and Kittelson, 2005), whereas the NSAM utilizes diffusion charging through a corona discharge (Fissan et al, 2007;Ntziachristos et al, 2007c). In both instruments, positively charged particles are collected on a filter, generating a current that is measured by an electrometer (for technical details see Matter et al, 1999, andNtziachristos et al, 2007c).…”

Section: Ambient Sampling -The Wilmington Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time characterization of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient aerosols and from motor-vehicle exhaust

Polidori

Biswas

et al. 2008

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.A photo-electric aerosol sensor, a diffusion charger, an Aethalometer, and a continuous particle counter were used along with other real-time instruments to characterize the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (p-PAH) content, and the physical/chemical characteristics of aerosols collected a) in Wilmington (CA) near the Los Angeles port and close to 2 major freeways, and b) at a dynamometer testing facility in downtown Los Angeles (CA), where 3 diesel trucks were tested. In Wilmington, the p-PAH, surface area, particle number, and "black" carbon concentrations were 4-8 times higher at 09:00-11:00 a.m. than between 17:00 and 18:00 p.m., suggesting that during rush hour traffic people living in that area are exposed to a higher number of diesel combustion particles enriched in p-PAH coatings. Dynamometer tests revealed that the p-PAH emissions from the "baseline" truck (no catalytic converter) were up to 200 times higher than those from the 2 vehicles equipped with advanced emission control technologies, and increased when the truck was accelerating. In Wilmington, integrated filter samples were collected and analyzed to determine the concentrations of the most abundant p-PAHs. A correlation between the total p-PAH concentration (µg/m 3 ) and the measured photo-electric aerosol sensor signal (fA) was also established. Estimated ambient p-PAH concentrations (Average=0.64 ng/m 3 ; Standard deviation=0.46 ng/m 3 ) were in good agreement with those reported in previous studies conducted in Los Angeles during a similar time period. Finally, we calculated the approximate theoretical lifetime (70 years per 24-h/day) lung-cancer risk in the Wilmington area due to inhalation of multi-component p-PAHs and "black" carbon. Our results indicate that the lung-cancer risk is highest during rush hour traffic and lowest in the afternoon, and that the Correspondence to: C. Sioutas (sioutas@usc.edu) genotoxic risk of the considered p-PAHs does not seem to contribute to a significant part of the total lung-cancer risk attributable to "black" carbon.

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Section: Ambient Sampling -The Wilmington Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time characterization of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient aerosols and from motor-vehicle exhaust

Polidori

Biswas

et al. 2008

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…The two diffusion chargers used in this study were of the same model (NSAM; Model 3550, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN), developed by Fissan et al (2007). Particle number concentrations were measured with either water-type (W-CPC; Model 3785, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN) or butanol-type (CPC; Model 3022-A, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN) CPCs.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on Fissan et al (2007), the surface calculated by Equation (3) corresponds to the geometric surface of particles depositing in the alveolar region of the human respiratory tract (Wilson et al 2004). …”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Diffusion Charger for the Measurement of Particle Surface Concentration in Different Environments

Ntziachristos

Polidori

Phuleria

et al. 2007

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Particle surface area has recently been considered as a possible metric in an attempt to correlate particle characteristics with health effects. In order to provide input to such studies, two Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitors (NSAMs, TSI, Inc.) were deployed in different urban sites within Los Angeles to measure the concentration levels and the diurnal profiles of the surface area of ambient particles. The NSAM's principle of operation is based on the unipolar diffusion charging of particles. Results show that the particle surface concentration decreases from ∼150 µm 2 cm −3 next to a freeway to ∼100 µm 2 cm −3 at 100 m downwind of the freeway, and levels decline to 50-70 µm 2 cm −3 at urban background sites. Up to 51% and 30% of the total surface area corresponded to particles <40 nm next to the freeway and at an urban background site, respectively. The NSAM signal was well correlated with a reconstructed surface concentration based on the particle number size distribution measured with collocated Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers (SMPSs, TSI, Inc.). In addition, the mean surface diameter calculated by combination of the NSAM and the total particle number concentration measured by a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC, TSI, Inc.) was in reasonable agreement with the arithmetic mean SMPS diameter, especially at the urban site. This study corroborates earlier findings on the application of diffusion chargers for ambient particle monitoring by demonstrating that they can be effectively used to monitor the particle surface concentration, or Received 24 June 2006; accepted 9 February 2007. This research was supported by the Southern California Particle Center (SCPC), funded by EPA under the STAR program through Grant RD-8324-1301-0 to the University of Southern California and was also supported by the NIEHS-NIH grant no. ES-12243 and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) contract no. 03-329. We would also like to thank Dr. Manisha Singh (TSI Inc.) for availing the NSAM monitors and her assistance with the operation of these instruments. The research described herein has not been subjected to the EPA required peer and policy review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use.Address correspondence to Constantinos Sioutas, University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 S. Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. E-mail: sioutas@usc.edu combined with a CPC to derive the mean surface diameter with high temporal resolution.

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“…They quantified the bias on the surface area response of the NSAM. 130,135 Particles sized between 50 and 200 nm carrying 1-10 elementary charges increase the measured surface area by a factor of 1-1.3. For a given number of charges, smaller particles bias the measurement more than larger ones.…”

Section: Application To Dpmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternatives to the Gravimetric Method for Quantification of Diesel Particulate Matter near the Lower Level of Detection

Swanson

Kittelson

Pui

et al. 2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This paper is part of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association's 2010 special issue on combustion aerosol measurements. The issue is a combination of papers that synthesize and evaluate ideas and perspectives that were presented by experts at a series of workshops sponsored by the Coordinating Research Council that aimed to evaluate the current and future status of diesel particulate matter (DPM) measurement. Measurement of DPM is a complex issue with many stakeholders, including air quality management and enforcement agencies, engine manufacturers, health experts, and climatologists. Adoption of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2007 heavy-duty engine DPM standards posed a unique challenge to engine manufacturers. The new standards reduced DPM emissions to the point that improvements to the gravimetric method were required to increase the accuracy and the sensitivity of the measurement. Despite these improvements, the method still has shortcomings. The objectives of this paper are to review the physical and chemical properties of DPM that make gravimetric measurement difficult at very low concentrations and to review alternative metrics and methods that are potentially more accurate, sensitive, and specific. Particle volatility, size, surface area, and number metrics are considered, as well as methods to quantify them. Although the authors believe that an alternative method is required to meet the needs of engine manufacturers, the methods reviewed in the paper are applicable to other areas where the gravimetric method detection limit is approached and greater accuracy and sensitivity are required. The paper concludes by suggesting a method to measure active surface area, combined with a method to separate semi-volatile and solid fractions to further increase the specificity of the measurement, has potential for reducing the lower detection limit of DPM and enabling engine manufacturers to reduce DPM emissions in the future.

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Rationale and principle of an instrument measuring lung deposited nanoparticle surface area

Cited by 157 publications

References 9 publications

Real-time characterization of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient aerosols and from motor-vehicle exhaust

Real-time characterization of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient aerosols and from motor-vehicle exhaust

Application of a Diffusion Charger for the Measurement of Particle Surface Concentration in Different Environments

Alternatives to the Gravimetric Method for Quantification of Diesel Particulate Matter near the Lower Level of Detection

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