Rationally Integrating 2D Confinement and High Sodiophilicity toward SnO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x Composites for High‐Performance Sodium‐Metal Anodes

Abstract

The metallic sodium (Na) is characterized by high theoretical specific capacity, low electrode potential and abundant resources, and its advantages manifests itself as a promising candidate anode of sodium metal batteries (SMBs). However, the vaporization during the plating/stripping or uncontrolled growth of sodium dendrites in sodium metal anodes (SMAs) has posed major challenges to its practical applications. To address this issue, here, the SnO2/Ti3C2Tx composite is rationally fabricated, in which sodiophilic SnO2 nanoparticles are in situ dispersed on the 2D Ti3C2Tx, providing the acceptor sites of Na+ that can control vaporization and dendrites. The SnO2/Ti3C2Tx composite anode exhibits smooth and homogeneous morphology after Na‐metal deposition cycles, stable Coulombic efficiency (CE) of half cells, long stable cycles of symmetric cells due to highly sodiophilic sites, and confinement effect. In addition, the full cells assembled with Na0.6MnO2 also show excellent rate performance and cycling performance. These discoveries demonstrate the effectiveness of the acceptor sites and the confinement effect provided by the SnO2/Ti3C2Tx composite, and thus provide an additional degree of freedom for designing SMBs.

Design of Ti3C2Tx/SnO2-Selective Ethanolamine Sensor

“…As shown in Figure b, the binding energy peaks located at 281.5, 284.8, 286.7, and 289.2 eV correspond to C-Ti, C-C, C-O, and O-CO bonds, respectively . The O 1s spectrum in Figure c presents the peaks of 529.0, 530.5, and 532.1 eV, which are assigned to the Ti-O bond in TiO 2 , Sn-O bond in SnO 2 and C-Ti-(OH) x , respectively . The generation of TiO 2 is due to the oxidation of Ti 3 C 2 T x under solvothermal conditions .…”

“…Moreover, the peak located at 532.1 eV should be attributed to the -OH groups on Ti 3 C 2 T x . The HRXPS of Ti 2p shown in Figure d could be divided into four Gaussian peaks located at 455.1 eV (C-T 2p 3/2 ), 458.9 eV (C-Ti 2p 1/2 ), 457 eV (Ti-O 2p 3/2 ), and 464.6 eV (Ti-O 2p 1/2 ), respectively. − Related studies have shown that the oxidation of Ti 3 C 2 T x can produce more Ti-O bonds on its surface and effectively reduce the defects of the prepared sensing material. Through structural simulation and energy level calculation, it is found that its properties change from metal to semiconductor with the increase of oxidation level …”

“…36 The O 1s spectrum in Figure 5c presents the peaks of 529.0, 530.5, and 532.1 eV, which are assigned to the Ti-O bond in TiO 2 , Sn-O bond in SnO 2 and C-Ti-(OH) x , respectively. 37 The generation of TiO 2 is due to the oxidation of Ti 3 C 2 T x under solvothermal conditions. 38 Since XPS usually reveals the information on nanometer thickness, SnO 2 NPs on the surface of multilayer Ti 3 C 2 T x exhibit the strongest Gaussian peak, 29 which further proves that SnO 2 NPs are deposited on most surfaces of Ti 3 C 2 T x .…”

In situ formed self-embedded ion/electron conductive skeletons enabling highly stable sodium metal anodes

“…28,29 Meanwhile, most 3D skeletons are not sodiophilic, which will bring about a huge nucleation barrier and hardly achieve uniform Na nucleation and deposition behaviors. 30,31 Consequently, it is of great significance to develop 3D skeletons with excellent sodiophilicity and a stable anode/electrolyte interface, and thus simultaneously harvest satisfactory cycling stability under high current density and areal capacity. 17,32 It is well known that a Li-Sn alloy is favorable for suppressing dendrite growth and realizing dendrite-free Li deposition due to its low chemical reactivity and high lithiophilicity.…”

TiO2-Coated MoO3 Nanorods for Lithium/Sodium-Ion Storage

“…The unique properties of transition-metal oxides (TMOs) have led to their consideration as prospective anode materials in LIBs/SIBs. − Among the TMOs, molybdenum-based materials have diverse structural compositions and exceptional electrochemical properties, making them versatile for various applications. , In particular, molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ) has attracted attention as a promising candidate for addressing the issues associated with conventional anode materials in LIBs/SIBs. , The layered arrangement of MoO 3 , comprised of MoO 6 octahedra linked by shared oxygen atoms, endows it with notable theoretical capacity, impressive cycle stability, and affordability. MoO 3 has been crafted into various nanoscale shapes, including nanowires, nanobelts, , nanorods, hollow nanospheres, nanosheets, and thin films, utilizing diverse techniques like thermal evaporation, hydrothermal synthesis, and sol–gel synthesis.…”