Re-suspension of lead contaminated urban soil as a dominant source of atmospheric lead in Birmingham, Chicago, Detroit and Pittsburgh, USA

PM2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

“…However, both lead and bromine were still present in the environment, long after their removal from gasoline, likely incorporated in the soil and road dust. Previous studies have identified resuspension of lead- contaminated soil as a major source of ambient lead in the U.S. and European countries, which is evidence of its chemical persistence (Young et al, 2002;Laidlaw et al, 2012;de Miguel et al, 1997). In the United States, lead-contaminated soil is the major source of lead exposure for children (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005;Weitzman et al, 1993).…”

Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust

“…Lead is one of the most enriched metals in urban particulate matter (De Silva et al, 2016;Goix et al, 2016;Laidlaw et al, 2012;Lei et al, 2016;Sharma and Pervez, 2003;Xu et al, 2012;Zereini et al, 2005) and despite the phasing out of Pb in fuel in many countries around the world it continues to be a potentially harmful element (PHE) of concern in the urban environment. Lead is a well-known neurotoxin, with exposure leading to neurobehavioural effects in children (e.g.…”

Characterization of Inorganic Elements within PM2.5 and PM10 Fractions of Fly Ashes from Coal-Fired Power Plants

“…IEs associated with re-suspended PM 2.5 and PM 10 from ash ponds by wind have been of major concern due to their toxicity and long residence time in atmosphere (Kong et al, 2011;Li et al, 2014). Laidlaw and Filippelli (2008) and Laidlaw et al (2012) found the re-suspended particles from soils had become a persistent source of blood Pb for children in many USA cities.…”