Reaction mechanism in the formation of perovskite Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 by calcining of mixed oxides (CMO)

Formation Mechanisms of Perovskite Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 in Reaction-sintering Process

“…Only the reflections of raw materials were detected at 400 o C. It is consistent with the result in figure 1. Cubic Pb 3 Nb 4 O 13 (P 3 N 4 ) pyrochlore phase formed and became the main phase in pellets heated to 600 o C. This phase was also found along with P 2 N 2 in 600 o C calcined PFN reported previously [21][22][23]. In the study of Jenhi et al, pyrochlore P 2 N 2 was formed at 500 o C in the calcined mixture of PbO, Nb 2 O 5 and Fe 2 O 3 for PFN [23].…”

“…XRD patterns of the pellets heated to 400-700 o C are shown in figure 2. In the study of Jenhi et al, pyrochlore P 2 N 2 was formed at 500 o C in the calcined mixture of PbO, Nb 2 O 5 and Fe 2 O 3 for PFN [23]. For pellets heated to 500 o C, the major peaks of pyrochlore Pb 2 Nb 2 O 7 (P 2 N 2 ) at 28 o -29 o are found.…”

“…Formation mechanisms of lead-based complex perovskite ceramics have been investigated, including PMN, PFN, PNN and PZMN [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Inada first proposed a reaction sequence for the formation of PMN.…”

Progress in synthesis of ferroelectric ceramic materials via high-energy mechanochemical technique

“…Generally, they have a formula of Pb(B 0 B 00 )O 3 , where B 0 is a low-valence cation, such as Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 3+ or Sc 3+ , and B 00 is a high-valence cation, such as Nb 5+ , Ta 5+ or W 6+ [116,119,130,132,134,141,142]. Relaxors are characterized by their high dielectric constant, broad and frequency-dispersive temperature dependence of dielectric constant.…”

“…It is thus concluded that the PZN phase produced by the mechanical activation is a thermally metastable phase, which decomposes at high temperatures. [132][133][134][135][136]. Due to their high dielectric constants, broad ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition, and especially relatively low sintering temperature, PFN and PFW have been acknowledged to be promising candidates for application of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCs).…”