Reaction of SbPO4 with lithium in non-aqueous electrochemical cells: preliminary study and evaluation of its electrochemical performance in anodes for lithium ion batteries

Electrochemical behaviour of tin borophosphate negative electrodes for energy storage systems

“…Therefore the reaction between lithium and Sn 2 BP 1−x Sb x O 6 is not an intercalation reaction, but one that destroys the network as reported by Santos Pena et al [15]. The second reduction peak for cell "a" observed at 0.25 V is attributed to lithium alloying with tin to yield several Li x Sn compounds (1 ≤ x ≤ 4.4) as follows [19,14,22]:…”

“…The profiles for the first reduction look fairly similar for all the samples. There are two plateaus at about 1.7 and 0.8 V vs. Li + for cells "b-d" that are attributed to the reduction of Sn 4+ to metallic Sn(0) and the formation of lithium-antimony alloys, respectively [15]. The first discharge curve of cell "b" delivers the highest specific discharge capacity of about 1050 mAh g −1 .…”

“…The refined unit cell parameters are given in Table 1. The existence of [15]. The crystallite size D was approximated from the X-ray line width, w, at full width at half maximum (FWHM) according to the Scherer formula, D = 0.9 /w cos  where is the X-ray wavelength (1.5406 Å) and  is the diffraction angle [16].…”

“…6(a)) can be analysed in comparison with that reported for antimony intermetallics [15,19,23]. Antimony particles formed during the first plateau can further react with lithium yield Li 3 Sb according to:…”

Nanostructured Antimony/carbon Composite Fibers as Anode Material for Lithium-ion Battery

“…8 shows the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of product Sb5 in the initial three cycles. The reversible electrochemical reaction formula in lithium ion battery can be described as the lithium alloying/de-alloying in antimony [54][55][56]:…”