Reaction of Spring Barley and Common Radish on the Introduction of Ionic Liquids Containing Asymmetric Cations to the Soil

Abstract

The harmful effect of ionic liquids (ILs) on the environment is one of the important elements of scientific research conducted around the world. This study presents the effect of ionic liquids, containing the asymmetric cations benzyltrimethylammonium chloride [BenzTMA][Cl] and benzyltriethylammonium chloride [BenzTEA][Cl], on physiological and biochemical changes in common radish plants and spring barley seedlings. The examined ILs demonstrated low toxicity to higher plants. The compound that exhibited higher phytotoxicity to these plant species was [BenzTMA][Cl], whereas the plant that was more resistant to such ILs was common radish. Both the ionic liquids, particularly at higher concentrations, led to changes in the metabolism of plants, which resulted in a decrease of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids content. The observed changes were positively correlated with increasing concentrations of the examined ILs in the soil. In the case of spring barley, a decrease in the fresh weight and an increase in the dry weight of the seedlings were also observed. The evidence of oxidative stress occurrence in spring barley was observed due to the accumulation of malondialdehyde and free proline, as well as due to an increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase. The changes in these biomarkers indicating oxidative stress occurrence in common radish plants were much lower. An increase in the content of chloride ions was observed in both the plants.

Comprehensive Interrogation on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition by Ionic Liquids Using Machine Learning and Molecular Modeling

“…Although ILs are safe to the atmosphere due to their low vapor pressure, their environmental accumulations, excellent miscibility with most media, and high stability have made them a persistent threat to environmental waters and soils. Actually, a large number of studies have shown that ILs can cause toxicity to various organisms, such as algae, bacteria, fish, plants, and even mammalian cell lines . Therefore, the toxicity risk of ILs and the underlying mechanisms must be elucidated to ensure their large-scale safe applications.…”

“…The toxicity of ILs has been evaluated by resorting to different biological models, including bacteria and fungi, invertebrates, fish, algae, plants, and mammalian cell lines . Recently, a high level of an IL (i.e., 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium, also referred to as M8OI) was detected in soils around to a landfill waste site in the northeast of England, and the IL was found to have the potential to trigger primary biliary cholangitis.…”

“…As with many chemicals of future, current, or past use, ILs cannot be discriminately used before in-depth toxicity analyses are performed and pertinent toxicity mechanisms are fully understood. 6,7 The toxicity of ILs has been evaluated by resorting to different biological models, including bacteria 8 and fungi, 9 invertebrates, 10 fish, 11 algae, 12 plants, 13 and mammalian cell lines. 14 Recently, 15 a high level of an IL (i.e., 1-octyl-3methylimidazolium, also referred to as M8OI) was detected in soils around to a landfill waste site in the northeast of England, and the IL was found to have the potential to trigger primary biliary cholangitis.…”

Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants

“…Following their extensive use, some ILs will inevitably enter the local environment [13,14]. Because of their high stability, they may be a source of persistent pollution in the environment [15].…”

Pyrimethanil Ionic Liquids Paired with Various Natural Organic Acid Anions for Reducing Its Adverse Impacts on the Environment

“…Many beneficial properties of ionic liquids (ILs, composed entirely of ions with melting points less than 100 °C) have been identified and exploited. , Their physicochemical properties such as melting point, density, viscosity, volatility, and solubility properties can be optimized by selecting the appropriate counter ions. , One of the most promising advantages of ILs is their very low vapor pressures, which result in low volatility . From the first generation (with designable physical properties) through the second generation (with oriented chemical properties), IL development has proceeded to a third generation (with targeted biological properties) .…”