Reaction pathway of nitrate and ammonia formation in the plasma electrolysis process with nitrogen and oxygen gas injection

Abstract

The plasma electrolysis method using N2 and O2 injection is an effective and environmentally friendly solution for nitrogen fixation into nitrate and ammonia. The reaction pathway, the effect of the N2 and O2 gas injection composition are important parameters in understanding the mechanism and effectiveness of these processes. This study aims to determine the formation pathway of nitrate and ammonia by observing the formation and role of reactive species as well as intermediate compounds. Two reaction pathways of NOx and ammonia formation have been observed. The NOx compound formed in the solution was oxidized by •OH to NO2, followed by the production of a stable nitrate compound. The ammonium produced from the ammonia pathway was generated from nitrogen reacting with •H from H2O. The amount of NH3 formed was lesser compared to the NOx compounds in the liquid and gas phases. This indicates that the NOx pathway is more dominant than that of ammonia. The gas injection test with a ratio of N2/O2 = 79/21 was the most effective for nitrate formation compared to another ratio. The results of the emission intensity measurement test show that the reactive species •N, •N2*,•N2 + , •OH, and •O have a significant role in the nitrate formation through the NOx pathway, while the reactive species •N and •H lead to the formation of NH3. The highest nitrate product was obtained at a ratio of N2/O2: 79/21 by 1889 mg L -1 , while the highest ammonia product reached 31.5 mg L -1 at 100% N2 injection.

Fixation of air nitrogen to ammonia and nitrate using cathodic plasma and anodic plasma in the air plasma electrolysis method

“…The increased amount of total NH 3 produced by cathodic plasma reached 18.4%, while NO 3 À was reduced by 7.8%. According to Saksono et al, 22 the utilization of pure N 2 as an injection gas led to an 8.3% rise in NH 3…”

“…19,20 This method is effective in directly producing NO 3 À in the liquid phase. 21 The initial formation of plasma involves the activation of N 2 and O 2 from the air by plasma to form ˙N and ˙O, while the H 2 O vapor in the plasma zone is converted to ˙H and ˙OH, as shown in Equations ( 1)-( 4) 22 :…”

“…˙N and ˙O form NH 3 and NO 3 , while ˙H and ˙OH can be recombined to form H 2 and H 2 O 2 , as shown in Equations ( 5)-( 9) 19,22 :…”

“…The process began with the formation of NO x gas in the plasma zone, which was then diffused into the solution as soluble NO and NO 2 gases that were subsequently oxidized by ˙OH into NO 3 À . 19,22 The injection of air into the plasma zone increases performance and reduces energy consumption. 31 The addition of O 2 and N 2 molecules from the air has the potential to produce new reactive species in the form of N and O radicals 32,33 that can form NO 3 À , NO 2…”

“…, and NH 3 compounds. 22 The optimal air injection rate produces plasma that is bright and stable, thereby increasing the formation of reactive species, as well as NH 3 and NO 3 À products.…”