Reactions of Alkyl Radicals in Aqueous Solutions*

Meyerstein, Dan

doi:10.1002/9781119379256.ch4

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 362 publications

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“…131,132 For example, the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with ferrous ion (Fe II ) can yield OH and hydroxide anion (OH À ) in the classical Fenton reaction (Scheme 1, reaction 1). [133][134][135] In reality, this reaction is complex, where either OH can dissociate from the metal complex or remain bound to the metal complex and react as "complexed hydroxyl radical" or generate higher oxidation states of iron 22,135,136 ; all these species are reactive, but differ in reactivity and redox properties. 20,133,134,137,138 Noteworthy, the nature of metal ligands plays an important role in the generation of reactive species from Fenton or Fenton-like reactions, where oxidizing species generated at the central metal ion can directly react with the metal ligands.…”

Section: Nature and Properties Of Rosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 However, we note that all amino acids are prone to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, 20 which can be produced by secondary processes from ROS generated during the respiratory burst, that is, via the Fenton or Fenton-like reactions. 21,22 Furthermore, cellular damage, for example, physical rupture by the injection needle, osmotic and hydrostatic stress, can generate signals of wounding which include secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, TNF-a, and IL-6). In addition, DCs and macrophages can initiate an innate immune response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proteolysis and Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins After Intradermal or Subcutaneous Administration

Varkhede

Bommana

Schöneich

et al. 2020

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Keywords:intradermal subcutaneous therapeutic proteins PBPK modeling reactive oxygen species proteolysis oxidation lymphatic system a b s t r a c tThe intradermal (ID) and subcutaneous (SC) routes are commonly used for therapeutic proteins (TPs) and vaccines; however, the bioavailability of TPs is typically less than small molecule drugs given via the same routes. Proteolytic enzymes in the dermal, SC, and lymphatic tissues may be responsible for the loss of TPs. In addition, the TPs may be exposed to reactive oxygen species generated in the SC tissue and the lymphatic system in response to injection-related trauma and impurities within the formulation. The reactive oxygen species can oxidize TPs to alter their efficacy and immunogenicity potential. Mechanistic understandings of the dominant proteolysis and oxidative routes are useful in the drug discovery process, formulation development, and to assess the potential for immunogenicity and altered pharmacokinetics (PK). Furthermore, in vitro tools representing the ID or SC and lymphatic system can be used to evaluate the extent of proteolysis of the TPs after the injection and before systemic entry. The in vitro clearance data may be included in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for improved PK predictions. In this review, we have summarized various physiological factors responsible for proteolysis and oxidation of TPs after ID and SC administration.

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Section: Nature and Properties Of Rosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteolysis and Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins After Intradermal or Subcutaneous Administration

Varkhede

Bommana

Schöneich

et al. 2020

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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The Role of Common Alcoholic Sacrificial Agents in Photocatalysis: Is It Always Trivial?

Sathiyan

Bar‐Ziv²,

Marks

et al. 2021

Chemistry A European J

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Photocatalytic hydrogen production is proposed as a sustainable energy source. Simultaneous reduction and oxidation of water is a complex multistep reaction with high overpotential. Photocatalytic processes involving semiconductors transfer electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. Sacrificial substrates that react with the photochemically formed holes in the valence band are often used to study the mechanism of H 2 production, as they scavenge the holes and hinder charge carrier recombination (electron-hole pairs). Here, we show that the desired sacrificial agent is one forming a radical that is a fairly strong reducing agent, and whose oxidized form is not a good electron acceptor that might suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In an acidic medium, methanol was found to fulfill both these requirements better than ethanol and propan-2-ol in the TiO 2 -(M 0 -NPs) (M = Au or Pt) system, whereas in an alkaline medium, the alcohols exhibit a reverse order of activity. Moreover, we report that CH 2 (OH) 2 is by far the most efficient sacrificial agent in a nontrivial mechanism in acidic media. Our study provides general guidelines for choosing an appropriate sacrificial substrate and helps to explain the variance in the performance of alcohol scavenger-based photocatalytic systems.

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The reactions of the Cu(II)-nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) complex with alkyl radicals in aqueous solutions

Yardeni¹,

Meyerstein

Mikhailovich-Jivin

et al. 2020

Inorganica Chimica Acta

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Reactions of Alkyl Radicals in Aqueous Solutions*

Cited by 3 publications

References 362 publications

Proteolysis and Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins After Intradermal or Subcutaneous Administration

Proteolysis and Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins After Intradermal or Subcutaneous Administration

The Role of Common Alcoholic Sacrificial Agents in Photocatalysis: Is It Always Trivial?

The reactions of the Cu(II)-nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) complex with alkyl radicals in aqueous solutions

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