Reactive extrusion of ammonium polyphosphate in a twin-screw extruder: polydispersity improvement

Yang, Jingxu; Xie, Wenji; Kong, Xingjian; Xu, Dehua; Wang, Xinlong

doi:10.1016/j.cep.2018.09.019

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Trace pyrophosphate was detected (Figure b) for both FM⊂OP and NCNTs@NFM⊂TP treatment. The application of polyphosphate does not significantly increase the content of pyrophosphate in the root, while pyrophosphate can remain for months without hydrolysis even in acidic plant tissues. , Therefore, artificially applicated polyphosphates scarcely enter the roots directly here but gradually hydrolyze into orthophosphates in vitro , and then to be adopted ultimately. Another interesting finding is that the percentage of organic phosphorus in roots for NCNTs@NFM⊂TP, especially, phytate-1 ( scyllo -l(1,2,3,4,5,6)P 6 , 3.56 ppm) and phytate-2 ( scyllo -l(1,2,3,4,5)P 5 , 4.05/3.66/3.40 ppm), declined significantly compared with that of FM⊂OP (Figure b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Growth of Broad Beans (Vicia faba L.) through Separating Antagonistic Nutrients Using Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes

Yang

Yan

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) remain intractable in the fertilizer design due to the incompatibility with phosphorus (P). Herein, we proposed a nanoscale hierarchical structure, where traditional ionic mineral nutrients were replaced by nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) with Fe 1.8 Mn 1.2 C (NFM) inside and polyphosphate (TP) outside, allowing alleviating the antagonism among P, Fe, and Mn. On broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. major) seedlings, NCNTs@NFM⊂TP constructed an isolation system to cope with the precipitation of P, Fe, and Mn in vitro and phytotoxicity in vivo. The binding sites of TP on NCNTs were predicted via density functional theory calculations, and we found that polyphosphates acted as surfactants to disperse NCNTs by electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance. Independent assessments of NFM or TP part were conducted within biomass accumulation and nutrient assimilation. A dose-dependent increase of plant biomass was observed, except for the highest dose (51.2 mg L −1 ) in which oxidative stress was induced. Electron microscopy traced the subcellular translocation of NCNTs@NFM after root exposure. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis for phosphorous species of roots unveiled the rhizosphere-release mechanism of TP. The hierarchical nanofertilizer, enabling carbon layers to coordinate the release of multiple elements, is promising to improve nutrition efficiency.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Growth of Broad Beans (Vicia faba L.) through Separating Antagonistic Nutrients Using Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes

Yang

Yan

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…To prevent APP from sticking, the product was completely cold-solidified, removed, and crushed to obtain the APP product. The chemical scheme for the preparation of APP by the UP polycondensation process is shown in Figure . Some side reactions are inevitable in the polymerization process, including the decomposition of urea and the formation of a condensed biuret.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical scheme for the preparation of APP by the UP polycondensation process is shown in Figure 1. 32 Some side reactions are inevitable in the polymerization process, including the decomposition of urea and the formation of a condensed biuret. Among them, biuret is the main byproduct of APP products, and the content of biuret in fertilizer products should be strictly controlled because it causes damage to crops.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, APP is synthesized primarily by phosphoric acid ammonification − and the phosphate-urea condensation method. ,, In the 1960s and 1970s, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) obtained a more widely distributed APP product by performing ammonization with thermal acid in a tube furnace, pioneering the introduction of soluble APP to liquid fertilizers. In 1969, Shen’s group concluded that urea could contribute to the polymerization reaction by acting as a dehydrator and ammonizer in the condensation reaction, which laid the theoretical foundation for developing the phosphate-urea condensation reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-Pot Synthesis and Hydrolysis Behavior of Highly Water-Soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate

Wang

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) exhibits high water solubility, mobility, and slow-release properties, which can greatly improve the utilization of phosphorus by alleviating soil phosphorus fixation. However, obtaining an efficient method of preparing APP that involves low energy consumption and production cost remains a challenge in current industrial production. Herein, by using urea phosphate (UP) as the main feedstock, we established a simple one-pot method for synthesizing highly water-soluble APP and explored the regulatory mechanism of the reaction temperature, the ratio of urea phosphate to monoammonium phosphate (MAP)/potassium dihydrogen phosphate (MKP), and the reaction time on APP performance. After analyzing the products obtained from different reaction conditions, we classified the polymerization process into the following stages: chain generation and chain growth. The chain generation reaction occurs simultaneously with the chain growth reaction, and the chain growth reaction tends to dominate with further reaction time. Furthermore, the optimum processing conditions for industrial production were obtained by comparing product performance, and the resulting APP products exhibit the following characteristics: the N and P contents were 20.6% and 58.8%, respectively, the polymerization rate (Pr) was 93.6%, the degree of polymerization was 4.22, and the solubility was 263.91 g/100 g H2O. Finally, to characterize the stability of the APP liquid fertilizer, we further investigated the hydrolysis behavior of APP and obtained the apparent activation energy (E a = 93.17 kJ/mol) of APP hydrolysis and the evolution of polymerization degree distribution of APP at different pH values. Overall, our results indicate that low temperature and alkaline conditions can greatly prolong the storage time of ammonium polyphosphate-based liquid fertilizers, which provides a basis to compound highly concentrated ammonium polyphosphate-based liquid fertilizers.

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“…With an increase in the angular velocity of the drive shaft ω more than 8 rad.s -1 , the pressure force on the raw material increases sharply, which justifies the recommended angular speed of rotation of the extruder shaft in the range ω = 4 -7 rad.s -1 . The authors of the following scientific works (Yang et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2019) recommend the angular velocity of rotation of the extruder shaft in the range ω = 8 -12 rad.s -1 , but rational is the speed not exceeding 7 rad.s -1 . For the recommended regime of rotational movement of the extruder's executive bodies, the force of grinding products by working rolls Fр increases 3 times (Figure 4, a) during the extraction of raw materials, the density of which increases by 40%.…”

Section: Obviously a Component Fy =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modeling of the oil extrusion process with pre-grinding of raw materials in a twin-screw extruder

Mushtruk¹,

Gudzenko²,

Palamarchuk³

et al. 2020

Potr. S. J. F. Sci.

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The extrusion process of oil-containing raw materials using a twin-screw extruder is becoming increasingly common in food technology. The problem of high energy costs for the implementation of this process is solved by reducing the resistance of the process mass due to the preliminary grinding of raw materials. The classical theory of extrusion is based mainly on the use of theoretical solutions of mathematical models of processes, which are simplified and allow determining integral parameters using coefficients, the preparation of which for the calculation of the corresponding processes and equipment is a rather complicated and approximate procedure. Mathematical modelling of the movement of the technological medium at the individual stages of the processing of raw materials allows us to determine the analytical dependences for the power and energy parameters of the system and to carry out their effective technical and economic evaluation. Using the methods of mathematical analysis and data processing in the MathCAD software environment, graphical dependences of the power and energy parameters of the research technical system were obtained. By increasing the density of the oil-containing raw materials, which is extruded in the research extruder by 40.5% the pressure force increases by 41%, that is, there is an almost proportional relationship between the pressure force and the density of the processed raw material. With an increase in the angular velocity of the drive shaft ω more than 8 rad.s-1, the pressure force in the research process increases sharply. With an increase in the density of raw materials, it is grinded before extrusion by 40%, the power consumption for the grinding process increases by 2.8 times for the recommended operating mode. Energy losses for pressing completely grinded raw materials are reduced by 2.52 times.

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Reactive extrusion of ammonium polyphosphate in a twin-screw extruder: polydispersity improvement

Cited by 18 publications

References 34 publications

Enhanced Growth of Broad Beans (Vicia faba L.) through Separating Antagonistic Nutrients Using Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes

Enhanced Growth of Broad Beans (Vicia faba L.) through Separating Antagonistic Nutrients Using Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes

One-Pot Synthesis and Hydrolysis Behavior of Highly Water-Soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate

Mathematical modeling of the oil extrusion process with pre-grinding of raw materials in a twin-screw extruder

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