Reactive Oxygen Species and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Mediate Hexachlorobenzene-Induced Cell Death in FRTL-5 Rat Thyroid Cells

Abstract

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an organochlorine pesticide widely distributed in the environment. We have previously shown that chronic HCB exposure triggers apoptosis in rat thyroid follicular cells. This study was carried out to investigate the molecular mechanism by which the pesticide causes apoptosis in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells, exposed to HCB (

The Role of NADPH Oxidase in the Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum by 420-nm Intense Pulsed Light

“…This study found that after IPL treatment, the levels of fungal intracellular ROS were consistent with the degree of fungal damage and were more than twofold higher in both strains than the control group. ROS play an important role in cell death in mammals, plants, bacteria, and fungi ( Dwyer et al, 2009 ; Li et al, 2011 ; Chiappini et al, 2013 ; Cotoras et al, 2013 ; You and Chan, 2015 ). Fungi can produce large amounts of ROS after aPDT or light therapy alone, resulting in fungal damage and death ( Wi et al, 2012 ; Baltazar et al, 2013 , 2015 ).…”

ROS Involves the Fungicidal Actions of Thymol against Spores of Aspergillus flavus via the Induction of Nitric Oxide

“…ROS has been revealed to play important roles in cell death among species from bacteria, fungi, plant, and mammals [ 19 , 36 – 39 ]. Application of some antioxidants can significantly increase the tolerance to the stress by antimicrobials [ 40 ].…”

Hexachlorobenzene exerts genotoxic effects in a humpback whale cell line under stable exposure conditions

“…one to two orders of magnitude higher than what we used in our study, while, at the more comparable concentration ranges of 1.4 and 14 mg L À1 , no effect was observed. 28 In contrast, human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), exposed to HCB in a conuent monolayer, showed a reduction of viability already at 0.01 mg L À1 HCB, i.e. one order of magnitude lower than our lowest concentration, with a dose-dependent increase in the observed effect up to the maximum tested concentration of 570 mg L À1 , but this effect was only observed aer 14 days of exposure.…”

“…The ndings vary for different cell types and concentration ranges, with some studies having dosed HCB at concentrations several orders of magnitude above its maximum water solubility. 27,28 Resulting concentration instability may be one of the reasons for divergence in reported concentrationresponses as outlined below.…”

“…Most effect evaluation studies to date have been conducted by dissolving HCB in an organic solvent. [27][28][29][30] However, stable exposure concentrations cannot be reached in this way. [31][32][33] It was, for example, shown that concentrations of a PAH and a chlorobenzene decrease dramatically over time in a solvent-spiked setup: concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were reduced to 64% and 11% of the original concentrations, respectively, 48 hours aer direct spiking.…”