Real-time aroma monitoring of mint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves during the drying process using electronic nose system

Kiani, Sajad; Minaei, Saeid; Ghasemi‐Varnamkhasti, Mahdi

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.033

Cited by 50 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…On the other hand, the TGS2620 (see Figure 5a) it is an adequate sensor for the detection of low levels of alcohol and organic volatiles [20], with an optimum detection range from 50 to 5000 ppm of concentration. It is currently used in many practical applications, such as in the tea flavor estimation [21], in the detection of volatile organic compounds [22] or in the monitoring of mint leaves during the drying process [23].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements

Garcı́a-Orellana

Macı́as-Macı́as

González-Velasco

et al. 2019

Sensors

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In this work, we present a complete hardware development and current consumption study of a portable electronic nose designed for the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Thanks to the technique of measuring in the initial action period, it can be reliably powered with a moderate-sized battery. The system is built around the well-known SoC (System on Chip) ESP8266EX, using low-cost electronics and standard sensors from Figaro’s TGS26xx series. This SoC, in addition to a powerful microcontroller, provides Wi-Fi connectivity, making it very suitable for IoT applications. The system also includes a precision analog-to-digital converter for the measurements and a charging module for the lithium battery. During its operation, the designed software takes measurements periodically, and keeps the microcontroller in deep-sleep state most of the time, storing several measurements before uploading them to the cloud. In the experiments and tests carried out, we have focused our work on the measurement and optimization of current consumption, with the aim of extending the battery life. The results show that taking measurements every 4 min and uploading data every five measurements, the battery of 750 mAh needs to be charged approximately once a month. Despite the fact that we have used a specific model of gas sensor, this methodology is quite generic and could be extended to other sensors with lower consumption, increasing very significantly the duration of the battery.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements

Garcı́a-Orellana

Macı́as-Macı́as

González-Velasco

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…For instance, the quality control of Alpinia officinarum using an e-nose and GC-MS coupled with chemometrics [ 35 ], the discrimination and characterization of licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) roots utilizing electronic nose and HS-SPME/GC/MS analysis [ 36 ], as well as the quality control method for musk by an e-nose coupled with chemometrics [ 37 ]. Such an approach has also been envisaged for some other plants, including Mentha spicata L. [ 38 ], Cymbidium ensifolium [ 39 ], ginseng [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], Eurycoma longifolia [ 43 ], apiaceae [ 44 ], Cannabis sativa L. [ 45 ], Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [ 46 ], Citrus reticulata [ 47 ], as well as the classification of rosemary essential oil ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) [ 48 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Analysis of Okoume and Aiele Essential Oils from Gabon by GC-MS, Electronic Nose, and Their Antibacterial Activity Assessment

Aghoutane

Moufid

Motia

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Essential oil resins of Aucoumea klaineana (Okoume) and Canarium schweinfurthii (Aiele) species, of the Burseraceae family, were studied to investigate their bioactive constituents and their antibacterial activities. Aiele resin had a higher yield (6.86%) of essential oil than Okoume (3.62%). Twenty-one compounds for Okoume and eighteen for Aiele essential oil were identified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Gp-C-MS) technique. The main compounds identified in Okoume essential oil were benzenemethanol, α, α,4-trimethyl (28.85%), (+)-3-carene (3,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene) (17.93%), D-Limonene ((4R)-1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene) (19.36%). With regard to the Aiele essential oil, we identified (1R,4S)-1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (26.64%), and 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (26.83%). Two strains of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, were used in antibacterial tests. S. aureus was found to be more sensitive to Okoume and Aiele essential oils, with a high inhibition zone ranging from 20 to 16 mm. In comparison, the inhibition zone ranged from 6 to 12 mm for E. coli. An electronic nose (e-nose) combined with pattern analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to discriminate the essential oil samples. In summary, the e-nose and GC-MS allowed the identification of bioactive compounds in the essential oil samples, which have a strong antimicrobial activity, with satisfactory results.

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“…Radar fingerprints of volatile compounds are seen in Figure 2d, the flavor of the 60 ± 1 kHz/30 min pretreated group is the most similar to the fresh one among the groups. Some researchers found that volatile components that also produced odor, including alcohols and sulfur compounds, may be lost after long drying time (Kiani, Minaei, & Ghasemi‐Varnamkhasti, 2018). Through SFU pretreatment with the optimum parameter of 60 ± 1 kHz/30 min, the drying time is shortened and maximum retention of those volatile components is realized in comparison with the control, 60 ± 1 kHz/15 min and 60 ± 1 kHz/45 min pretreated groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of sweeping frequency ultrasonic pretreatment on pulsed vacuum drying characteristics and microstructure of okra based on real‐time monitoring

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2020

J Food Process Engineering

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Sweeping frequency ultrasonic (SFU) pretreatment was utilized to promote pulsed vacuum drying (PVD) process of okra. Drying characteristics and microstructure of okra were studied. Then mechanism of SFU pretreatment was revealed by acoustic signal monitoring technologies in time and frequency domains and bubble oscillations. Results showed that core temperature (57–58°C) of PVD, rehydration ratio (3.16%), hardness (23.90 N) and, fracturability (3.15 mm) were the highest, while moisture ratio was the smallest in SFU pretreated okra group at 30 min during the ultrasonic pretreatment process. It was related to changes of microstructure. SFU pretreated okra cells got folded, intercellular space was large, and the tunnel structure was generated until 30 min. However, excessive ultrasound caused the structural collapse of cells; the tunnel structure was congested, which was not beneficial to moisture transfer during PVD process. Effects of SFU pretreatment were further explained by monitored data of acoustic signals in time and frequency domains. The maximum voltage amplitude (40.6 mV) and space peak temporal peak acoustic intensity (2.76 × 106 W/m2) were the highest at 30 min during the pretreatment process. The corresponding SFU signals had a wide frequency domain and fluctuation range of energy, and cavitation effects of ultrasonic bubbles was facilitated. Practical applications PVD is an innovative drying technology. However, okra structure is complex, which is against moisture transfer during the process of drying. Hence, SFU pretreatment was added before drying. The tunnel structure of okra generated by the pretreatment could support moisture transfer suggesting a rapid rate of drying. The best quality of dried okra was obtained at 30 min during the pretreatment process, which makes for long storage and preparation of functional snacks. Acoustic signals were analyzed by real‐time monitoring technique during pretreatment of okra, and the cavitation intensity of SFU fields was revealed. Thus, the fundamental basis for accurate ultrasonic processing is provided.

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Real-time aroma monitoring of mint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves during the drying process using electronic nose system

Cited by 50 publications

References 36 publications

Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements

Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements

Characterization and Analysis of Okoume and Aiele Essential Oils from Gabon by GC-MS, Electronic Nose, and Their Antibacterial Activity Assessment

Influence of sweeping frequency ultrasonic pretreatment on pulsed vacuum drying characteristics and microstructure of okra based on real‐time monitoring

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