Real-Time Crowd Monitoring Using Seamless Indoor-Outdoor Localization

Abstract

Human identification and monitoring are critical in many applications, such as surveillance, evacuation planning. Human identification and monitoring are not an easy task in the case of a large and densely populated crowd. However, none of the existing solutions consider seamless localization, identification, and tracking of the crowd for surveillance in both indoor and outdoor environments with significant accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel and real-time surveillance system (named, SmartISS) which identifies, tracks and monitors individuals' wireless equipment(s) using their MAC ids. Our trackers/sensing units (PSUs) are the portable entities comprising of Smartphone/Jetson-TK1/PC which are enough to capture users' devices probe requests and locations without users' active cooperation. PSUs upload collected traces on the cloud server periodically where cloud server keeps finding the suspicious person(s). To retrieve the updated information, we propose an algorithm (named, LLTR) to select the optimal number of PSUs for finding the latest location(s) of the suspicious person(s). To validate and to show the usability of SmartISS, we develop a real prototype testbed and evaluate it extensively on a real-world dataset of 117,121 traces collected during the technical festival held at IIT Roorkee, India. SmartISS selects PSUs with an average selection accuracy of 95.3%.

Cloud Platforms for Context-Adaptive Positioning and Localisation in GNSS-Denied Scenarios—A Systematic Review

“…XMPP is an open and decentralized messaging protocol that allows exchanging messages between the clients regardless of the operating system [ 81 ]. Kulshrestha et al [ 96 ] used this protocol to provide reliable communication between the portable sensing units (PSU) and the XMPP server and vice versa in order to compute the top-k queries.…”

“…This technology is based on cellular base-stations, which provide a long coverage area. Here, there are four standards used in the current studies 2G, 3G, 4G, and in last years 5G [ 74 , 96 , 108 ]. The improvements of each standard along the years permit to achieve better position estimation.…”

“…In the same fashion, Kulshrestha et al [ 96 ] developed a real-time surveillance system capable of tracking individuals mobile devices. In the proposed system, the authors combined three technologies, GPS, cellular, and Wi-Fi, to provide a robust solution for indoor and outdoor environments.…”

A Systematic Review of Location Aware Schemes in the Internet of Things

“…This environment-centric application’s nature limits the applicability and widespread use in real-life scenarios. Hence, there is a dire need for environment-independent localization algorithms that are feasible for both indoor and outdoor applications [ 94 , 95 , 96 ]. This will eventually improve the adaptability of these applications in practical applications such as emergency evacuations, shipment/cargo tracking, and mission-critical applications.…”

Crowd data analytics as seen from WiFi

“…• Safety and security: It has been shown that it is possible to monitor crowds using WiFi remote positioning and detect anomalous behavior through the use of outlier detection [77]. The authors developed an algorithm that finds differences from the normal behavior of a crowd and displays the last location of the individual having the anomalous behavior.…”