Real-time monitoring glucose by used microwave antenna apply to biosensor

Detection of glucose variability in saline solutions from transmission and reflection measurements using V-band waveguides

“…Among the various candidate technologies, the use of electromagnetic (EM) waves (e.g. optical methods studied in [10][11][12]) and particularly microwaves has shown promise in detecting changes in the electrical properties of blood plasma as a function of glucose concentration [4,6,7,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. These results have motivated the present study towards the development of a non-invasive glucose monitoring system using the 50 -75 GHz mm-wave band.…”

“…For example, dielectric spectroscopy was used in [13] to measure blood plasma in the range 0.5 -20 GHz, and resonant cavity setups have been employed in [14,15] operating between 2 -3 GHz. Frequency ranges between 1.0 -2.5 GHz [16] and 5.0 -8.5 GHz [17] have also been used in configurations with antenna sensors. In addition, open waveguide structures have been used to measure the effect of varying glucose concentrations on the waveguide's scattering parameters (S-parameters) for frequencies up to 20 GHz [18].…”

Millimeter-Wave Sensing of Diabetes-Relevant Glucose Concentration Changes in Pigs

“…For example, dielectric spectroscopy was used in [5] to measure blood plasma in the range 0.5-20 GHz, and resonant cavity setups have been employed in [6,7] operating between 2 and 3 GHz. Frequency ranges between 1.0-2.5 GHz [8] and 5.0-8.5 GHz [9] have also been used in configurations with antenna sensors. Higher microwave frequencies have been proposed in [10][11][12], but in a different context than in the present work.…”

Antenna Sensors in Passive Wireless Sensing Systems

“…They discovered that their method was able to differentiate about 0.3 % difference in the moisture content of the sludge sample when the moisture content was high. Various antenna sensors, designed for measuring the dielectric constant of snow and soils (Denoth 1997), gas (McGrath et al 2004Verma et al 2013), relative humidity (Chang et al 2006), soil moisture (You et al 2010), and glucose (Wiwatwithaya et al 2011), were demonstrated using wired connections. The first wireless antenna sensor was demonstrated by Sidén et al (2007).…”