Real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography provides additional information of left-sided AV valve morphology after AVSD repair

Multi-factorial analytical study on real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic cardiac image display quality

“…Through displaying immediately spatial anatomy and complex relations among different cardiovascular structures, RT-3DE can provide more helpful threedimensional information for noninvasive diagnosis of complex CHD than 2DE [3][4][5][6]. For example, complete visualization of borders of interventricular table in the orthogonal test design method Test number A B C D E F G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 6 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 7 3 1 2 1 3 2 Compared with the adults, children have adequate transthoracic acoustic windows, due to the low attenuation factor of ultrasound signal and the physical status such as size and body fat percentage, etc.…”

“…As is well-known, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) can display immediately unique lesion-and region-oriented views of cardiovascular anatomic structures, and thus make possibly realized to regard noninvasive cardiac three-dimensional diagnosis as a pediatric day-to-day diagnostic testing [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In theory, good three-dimensional images with RT-3DE can represent stereoscopic structures, intuitively easier to comprehend than two-dimensional images with two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) depending on the mental consideration of the echocardiographer.…”

Insights Gained From Three-Dimensional Imaging Modalities for Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects

“…Complex AV valve and left ventricular outflow abnormalities associated with the defect can also be identified using 3DE and these may assist surgical planning. 13,28,29 …”

Assessment of Left Ventricular Function by Echocardiography: A Technique in Evolution

“…A large number of studies have compared real-time 3D echocardiography with magnetic resonance imaging and other reference standards and have shown excellent correlations, small mean differences, and acceptable interobserver variability. [29][30][31] The improvement in LV volume calculation with 3D echocardiography over 2D echocardiography is easily explained by the fact that more of the LV endocardial surface is incorporated into the 3D echocardiographic quantification, the position of the transducer over the cardiac apex can be better appreciated, intersecting planes are precisely aligned, and no assumptions of shape are required ( Figure 9). As with all ultrasonic techniques, the point spread function of the ultrasound beam and the variable inclusion of trabeculae typically results in volumes that are slightly smaller than those obtained by reference standards such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.…”