Reappearance of Effector T Cells Predicts Successful Recovery from COVID-19

Odak, Ivan; Barros‐Martins, Joana; Bošnjak, Berislav; Stahl, Klaus; David, Sascha; Wiesner, Olaf; Busch, Markus; Hoeper, Marius M.; Pink, Isabell; Welte, Tobias; Cornberg, Markus; Stoll, Matthias; Goudeva, Lilia; Blasczyk, Rainer; Ganser, Arnold; Prinz, Immo; Foerster, Reinhold; Koenecke, Christian; Schultze-Florey, Christian

doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.20096263

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The drop in lymphocytes included γδ T cells, which were highly reduced in the circulation compared with healthy controls, especially the Vδ2 subset. This has also been reported by other studies ( 72 – 74 ). Lei et al., showed that the γδ T cells remaining in the blood had a CD25+ activated phenotype, although the very early activation marker CD69 did not increase compared to healthy controls, which the authors suggested may be because this marker was expressed earlier in infection ( 72 ).…”

Section: Gamma Delta T Cellssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Odak et al., showed a striking reduction in effector memory cells within the γδ T cell population, and an increase in naïve cells, and suggested that the effector memory γδ T cells may be recruited to the lungs. They also theorized that the reappearance of effector cells in the blood was associated with recovery from COVID-19 ( 74 ).…”

Section: Gamma Delta T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cheap and Commonplace: Making the Case for BCG and γδ T Cells in COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Antigen-specific vaccines developed for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate a remarkable achievement and are currently being used in high income countries with much success. However, new SARS-CoV-2 variants are threatening this success via mutations that lessen the efficacy of antigen-specific antibodies. One simple approach to assisting with this issue is focusing on strategies that build on the non-specific protection afforded by the innate immune response. The BCG vaccine has been shown to provide broad protection beyond tuberculosis disease, including against respiratory viruses, and ongoing studies are investigating its efficacy as a tool against SARS-CoV-2. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, particularly the Vδ2 subtype, undergo rapid expansion after BCG vaccination due to MHC-independent mechanisms. Consequently, γδ T cells can produce diverse defenses against virally infected cells, including direct cytotoxicity, death receptor ligands, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. They can also assist in stimulating the adaptive immune system. BCG is affordable, commonplace and non-specific, and therefore could be a useful tool to initiate innate protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, considerations must also be made to BCG vaccine supply and the prioritization of countries where it is most needed to combat tuberculosis first and foremost.

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Section: Gamma Delta T Cellssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Gamma Delta T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cheap and Commonplace: Making the Case for BCG and γδ T Cells in COVID-19

et al. 2021

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“…For example, Laing et al . partnered a total lymphocyte count from a full blood count and flow cytometry to derive estimates of absolute T cell subset counts based on the gated percentages [ 54 ], while other studies used direct quantification of lymphocyte subsets, such as TruCount™ [ 58 ]. A majority of the studies used either recognised or in-house flow cytometry tools.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review

et al. 2021

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Background Understanding the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to vaccine development, epidemiological surveillance and disease control strategies. This systematic review critically evaluates and synthesises the relevant peer-reviewed and pre-print literature published from 01/01/2020-26/06/2020. Methods For this systematic review, keyword-structured literature searches were carried out in MEDLINE, Embase and COVID-19 Primer. Papers were independently screened by two researchers, with arbitration of disagreements by a third researcher. Data were independently extracted into a pre-designed Excel template and studies critically appraised using a modified version of the MetaQAT tool, with resolution of disagreements by consensus. Findings were narratively synthesised. Results 61 articles were included. 55 (90%) studies used observational designs, 50 (82%) involved hospitalised patients with higher acuity illness, and the majority had important limitations. Symptomatic adult COVID-19 cases consistently show peripheral T cell lymphopenia, which positively correlates with increased disease severity, duration of RNA positivity, and non-survival; while asymptomatic and paediatric cases display preserved counts. People with severe or critical disease generally develop more robust, virus-specific T cell responses. T cell memory and effector function has been demonstrated against multiple viral epitopes, and, cross-reactive T cell responses have been demonstrated in unexposed and uninfected adults, but the significance for protection and susceptibility, respectively, remains unclear. Conclusion A complex pattern of T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been demonstrated, but inferences regarding population level immunity are hampered by significant methodological limitations and heterogeneity between studies, as well as a striking lack of research in asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic individuals. In contrast to antibody responses, population-level surveillance of the T cell response is unlikely to be feasible in the near term. Focused evaluation in specific sub-groups, including vaccine recipients, should be prioritised.

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“…Hence, characterization of T-Cell epitope (certain region of SARS-CoV-2 virus which T-cell utilizes in immune response) and B-cell epitope (certain region of SARS-CoV-2 virus which B-cell utilizes in immune response) has been attempted by researchers. [163] From chemistry point of view, mapping of viral epitopes is identifying (a) the region from a long protein molecule (amino acid chain) and (b) amino acids sequence in those region. At molecular levels these epitope site will make connecting bonds/interactions with another macromolecule either a Y-shaped protein molecule or any other immune cell.…”

Section: Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

A Concise Review of Baseline Facts of SARS‐CoV‐2 for Interdisciplinary Research

2020

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The COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is a global health emergency. Investigation covering various aspects of diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development for COVID‐19 are being attempted globally. Common goal of reducing loss of life requires accelerated and integrated effort from researchers of different fields i. e. chemistry, biology, clinical/medical science etc. Integrated yet timely effort requires the understanding of interdisciplinary key concepts as well as knowledge of major challenges, present status and strategies. Hence, in this article, we present an overview of baseline/key facts of SARS‐CoV‐2 mingled with current status and strategies in a simple, straight forward and coherent manner. In particular, the review attempts to integrate and arrange the key facts at the interface of chemistry and biology. Overview of epidemiology of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection, structural characteristics of virus, detection methods and therapeutic agents based on antibodies, therapeutic agents based on traditional drug molecule, drug development based on specific catalytic enzyme inhibitors, vaccine design approaches have been provided. Since enzyme site and catalytic action is the key for biological process, they have been lucidly explained at molecular level. It is believed that accredited information amalgamated in this report will provide a strong rational and lucid groundwork for the coherent interdisciplinary research to countermeasure covid‐19 crisis.

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Reappearance of Effector T Cells Predicts Successful Recovery from COVID-19

Abstract: 2 7

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Cheap and Commonplace: Making the Case for BCG and γδ T Cells in COVID-19

Cheap and Commonplace: Making the Case for BCG and γδ T Cells in COVID-19

T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review

A Concise Review of Baseline Facts of SARS‐CoV‐2 for Interdisciplinary Research

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