Reappraisal of a short-wavelength-sensitive (S-cone) recording technique in routine clinical electroretinography

Simonsen, Svend Erik; Rosenberg, Thomas

doi:10.1007/bf01214650

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Depending on the wavelength characteristics of the stimulus and background, the response may either be an isolated S-cone ERG (as we have demonstrated) or a composite waveform in which a late S-cone peak can be recognized after the L/M-cone peak [2,8]. Our S-cone response matches the waveform and timing of other published reports, and showed an appropriate and marked enhancement in a patient with the enhanced S-cone syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…All of the single-flash methods for recording S-cone ERGs use a high intensity background to suppress the L-and M-cones, and a blue stimulus of varying wavelength and intensity [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Depending on the wavelength characteristics of the stimulus and background, the response may either be an isolated S-cone ERG (as we have demonstrated) or a composite waveform in which a late S-cone peak can be recognized after the L/M-cone peak [2,8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the S-cone ERG has been hard to record in a clinical context. A number of effective methods have been reported, and some are in regular use by the laboratories that developed them, but none have been easy to transfer into widespread usage because of the need for specialized equipment or conditions [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scones have been shown to be affected early in glaucoma, diabetes, drug toxicity and some hereditary retinal dystrophies [1,2]. However, the S-cone ERG is difficult to record.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Scones produce responses that are much smaller and considerably slower than L/M-cone responses, and it is difficult to isolate them without having them overwhelmed by the L/Mcone signals. A number of techniques have evolved for recording S-cone responses [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], but none of these protocols have found their way into routine clinical usage outside of the laboratory which initiated the technique. Our goal was to explore whether a clinical method for recording S-cone responses could be developed with commercially available Diagnosys instrumentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical S-cone ERG recording with a commercial hand-held full-field stimulator

et al. 2004

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Our purpose was to explore S-cone ERG protocols for a commercial full-field hand-held stimulator that contains colored LEDs, and to see whether the test would be useful as a part of routine ERG testing. S-cone responses were elicited by blue flashes over a longer-wavelength background. With the standard stimulator containing blue (461 nm), green (513 nm) and red (652 nm) LEDs, we were unable to obtain satisfactory responses. Reproducible S-cone ERGs were obtained with a stimulator that had been custom-fitted with shorter-wavelength blue (440 nm) LEDs for stimulation, and orange (590 nm) LEDs for background adaptation. S-cone responses took only a few minutes to record, and the typical waveform showed a slow peak at 45-50 ms with amplitude 3-9 microV, but ranging from 0 microV to more than 10 microV. Larger waves appeared in a patient with enhanced S-cone syndrome. S-cone responses could also be obtained with an alternating blue-orange flicker protocol. We added the S-cone response to our regular ERG protocol for a number of months. Although most normal subjects and patients showed recognizable S-cone responses with this stimulator, the amplitudes were small and there was too much variability to make the technique effective for routine clinical testing. In general, the S-cone responses followed the standard cone ERG responses in disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scones have been shown to be affected early in glaucoma, diabetes, drug toxicity and some hereditary retinal dystrophies [1,2]. However, the S-cone ERG is difficult to record.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical S-cone ERG recording with a commercial hand-held full-field stimulator

et al. 2004

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Electroretinographic evaluation of the retinal S-cone system

2011

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The aim of this study was to differentiate S-cone responses from other retinal activities using various recording conditions and to optimize these recording conditions for clinical diagnostics. S-cone responses to blue stimuli (449 nm) were studied in 20 healthy subjects and four patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome. The time-integrated luminance of the stimulus varied from 0.008 to 1.0 cd s/m2. Three isoluminant backgrounds were used (100 ph cd/m2=40 sc cd/m2): amber (594 nm), green (513 nm), and red (635 nm). With low flash strengths (from 0.008 to 0.032 cd s/m2), the S-cone response appeared as a single positive peak, while with higher strengths (≥0.064 cd s/m2), it appeared as a second peak that followed the L-cone and M-cone components. With a further increase in flash strength (≥0.25 cd s/m2), the S-cone response interfered with the i-wave of the L-cone and M-cone systems. The wavelength and luminance of the background influenced the suppression of the rods, as well as the L-cone- and M-cone-system activities. The S-cone response was measurable in the presence of the amber and green backgrounds, but its amplitude was higher if a strong red background was used. Thus, the function of the retinal S-cone system can be measured if possible interference from other retinal sources can be minimized by the appropriate combination of stimulus and background parameters.

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ISCEV extended protocol for the S-cone ERG

et al. 2019

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The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard for full-field electroretinography (ERG) describes a minimum procedure for testing generalized retinal function but encourages more extensive testing. This extended protocol describes a method of assessing the function of the short-wavelength-sensitive cone (Scone) retinal pathway, using a short-wavelength flash superimposed on a background that saturates the rods and adapts the L/M-cones to elicit a response, known as the S-cone ERG. Stimulus parameters such as the strength and luminance of the flash and background, respectively, and their spectral and temporal characteristics are specified. As a complement to the ISCEV standard, testing the S-cone ERG enables further characterization of light-adapted retinal function and may refine diagnosis of some retinal disorders. Typical applications are described including use in the diagnosis of rod monochromacy and S-cone monochromacy, identification and investigation of cone Onbipolar cell dysfunction and use of the technique to confirm the diagnosis of enhanced S-cone syndrome.

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Reappraisal of a short-wavelength-sensitive (S-cone) recording technique in routine clinical electroretinography

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Clinical S-cone ERG recording with a commercial hand-held full-field stimulator

Clinical S-cone ERG recording with a commercial hand-held full-field stimulator

Electroretinographic evaluation of the retinal S-cone system

ISCEV extended protocol for the S-cone ERG

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