We identified a novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP)/-opioid receptor agonist, SR 16435 [1-(1-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl)piperidin-4-yl)indolin-2-one], with high binding affinity and partial agonist activity at both receptors. It was hypothesized that SR 16435 would produce antinociception and yet, unlike morphine, would have diminished rewarding properties and tolerance development. Antinociception was assessed in mice using the tail-flick assay, whereas behavioral and rewarding effects were assessed using the place conditioning (PC) paradigm. PC was established by pairing drug injections with a distinct compartment. Behavioral effects were measured after acute and repeated drug administration, and the test for PC was carried out 24 h after four drug-and vehicle-pairing sessions. SR 16435 produced an increase in tailflick latency, but SR 16435-induced antinociception was lower than that observed with morphine. Given that naloxone blocked SR 16435-induced antinociception, it is highly likely that this effect was mediated by -opioid receptors. Compared with morphine, chronic SR 16435 treatment resulted in reduced development of tolerance to its antinociceptive effects. SR 16435-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was evident, an effect that was probably mediated via -opioid receptors, as it was reversed by coadministration of naloxone. NOP agonist activity was also present, given that SR 16435 decreased global activity, and this effect was partially reversed with the selective NOP antagonist, SR 16430 [1-(cyclooctylmethyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol]. Naloxone, however, also reversed the SR 16435-induced decrease in activity, indicating that both opioid and NOP receptors mediate this behavior. In summary, the mixed NOP/-opioid partial agonist SR 16435 exhibited both NOP and -opioid receptormediated behaviors.The NOP receptor [formerly known as the opioid receptorlike receptor (ORL1)] was discovered simultaneously by several groups on the basis of homology with the ␦-opioid receptor (Bunzow et al., 1994;Mollereau et al., 1994;Wang et al., 1994). This receptor has nucleotide and amino acid homology to the three opioid receptors; however, NOP receptors transfected into mammalian cells do not seem to bind opiates with high affinity. N/OFQ, the natural ligand for the NOP receptor, is a 17-amino acid neuropeptide (Meunier et al., 1995;Reinscheid et al., 1995). Although this peptide is in the opioid peptide family, N/OFQ has a different behavioral profile than that of typical opioid ligands. N/OFQ modulates nociception differentially, depending upon site of administration. N/OFQ This research was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant DA14026 (to N.T.Z.).Preliminary reports of these data were presented at the following annual meetings: Khroyan TV, Zaveri NT, Polgar WE, Orduna J, Olsen C, Jiang F, and Toll L (2006) ,7,8, benzamide monohydrochloride; 1S,3,3a,4,5,3,decan-4-one; PC, place conditioning; CPP, conditioned place preference, CPA, conditioned place aversion; GTP␥S, gua...