Recalibration of the earthworm tier 1 risk assessment of plant protection products

Christl, Heino; Bendall, Julie; Bergtold, Matthias; Coulson, Mike; Dinter, Axel; Garlej, Barbara; Hammel, Klaus; Kabouw, Patrick; Sharples, Amanda; Mérey, Georg von; Vrbka, Silvie; Ernst, Gregor

doi:10.1002/ieam.1738

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It should also be noted that the coefficient of variance between controls in this study [6,7] slightly exceeded the limit of 30%, but the study is considered to provide supplementary and supportive information on the safety of AMPA to earthworm populations. Applications at the levels of maximum and 5 times the expected field application rate, as demonstrated in the present study, are unlikely to result in effects on field populations of earthworms [30], so the outcome of the risk assessment for earthworm does not change. It should also be noted that given the strong binding of glyphosate and AMPA to clay particles in the soil, most agricultural soils will deplete the relevant matrix from glyphosate much earlier and the amount of biologically active glyphosate is likely to decrease rapidly in these soils.…”

Section: Earthworm Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid chronic risk assessment for soil biota

Mérey

Manson

Mehrsheikh

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used widely in agriculture, horticulture, private gardens, and public infrastructure, where it is applied to areas such as roadsides, railway tracks, and parks to control the growth of weeds. The exposure risk from glyphosate and the primary soil metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on representative species of earthworms, springtails, and predatory soil mites and the effects on nitrogen-transformation processes by soil microorganisms were assessed under laboratory conditions based on internationally recognized guidelines. For earthworms, the reproductive no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was 472.8 mg glyphosate acid equivalent (a.e.)/kg dry soil, which was the highest concentration tested, and 198.1 mg/kg dry soil for AMPA. For predatory mites, the reproductive NOEC was 472.8 mg a.e./kg dry soil for glyphosate and 320 mg/kg dry soil for AMPA, the highest concentrations tested. For springtails, the reproductive NOEC was 472.8 mg a.e./kg dry soil for glyphosate and 315 mg/kg dry soil for AMPA, the highest concentrations tested. Soil nitrogen-transformation processes were unaffected by glyphosate and AMPA at 33.1 mg a.e./kg soil and 160 mg/kg soil, respectively. Comparison of these endpoints with worst-case soil concentrations expected for glyphosate (6.62 mg a.e./kg dry soil) and AMPA (6.18 mg/kg dry soil) for annual applications at the highest annual rate of 4.32 kg a.e./ha indicate very low likelihood of adverse effects on soil biota.

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Section: Earthworm Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid chronic risk assessment for soil biota

Mérey

Manson

Mehrsheikh

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The WOE approach integrates two of the three lines of evidence above: soil dissipation and soil toxicity. Toxic exposure ratios, also known as risk quotients, are used to extrapolate standardized test results and exposure estimates to real‐world scenarios (Christl et al, 2016; Ernst et al, 2016). The TER calculation uses the 28‐d EC 10 and divides it by the potential environmental concentration (PEC soil ) (Christl et al, 2016; Ernst et al, 2016; see Supplemental Eq.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Herbicide Dissipation to Soil Ecological Risk along Transmission Rights‐of‐Way in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Jimmo

Isbister²,

Lamb³

et al. 2018

J of Env Quality

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In the Yukon Territory, transmission rights‐of‐way (ROWs) are managed using brushing and mowing techniques alone. When cut, target species such as Populus tremuloides Michx. and Salix spp. grow rapidly shortening maintenance cycles. Long‐term vegetation control may be improved by integrating herbicide application. However, prior to implementation, the dissipation and toxicity of herbicides in northern latitudes needed to be assessed. The dissipation of Garlon XRT (triclopyr) and Arsenal Powerline (imazapyr) in soils was assessed at five ROW locations representative of the main ecoregion types where ROWs occur within the Yukon Territory. Soils from four sites were collected at 1, 30, and 365 d after treatment to determine persistence of herbicides for each of three application methods (backpack spraying, cut stump, and point injection). Increased sampling intervals were added to better determine the dissipation rate of each herbicide in Yukon Territory soils. Soil dissipation data were linked to a series of standardized toxicity tests, including three soil invertebrates (Enchytreaus crypticus, Folsmia candida, and Oppia nitens). Additionally, the dissipation of both herbicides from the target species Salix glauca L. was assessed at one site. Herbicide residues persisted in soils for longer than 365 d after treatment and longer than 30 d after treatment in S. glauca. However, concentrations were below the concentration that would affect 25% of the invertebrate species tested. Weight of evidence and toxic exposure ratios were used to characterize the risks associated with herbicide application in northern latitudes and provided both qualitative and quantitative means to communicate the results to the public. Core Ideas Herbicide use may improve vegetation management along rights‐of‐way in the Yukon. Triclopyr is a good alternative due to a mobile‐phase DT50 of 1 d after treatment. Imazapyr presented no unacceptable risk to the soil invertebrates tested. Risk characterization indicated triclopyr and imazapyr are acceptable in northern latitudes. Triclopyr presents less risk due to fast dissipation and low risk to soil invertebrates.

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“…The regulatory relevant PECsoil depth for the risk assessment needs to be calibrated in combination with the Tier 1 assessment factor by comparing the Tier 1 risk assessment with the results from field studies. With this approach, Christl et al (2016) showed that a PECsoil calculated for the 0-5 cm soil layer in combination with the assessment factor of 5 (EC, 2009) provides a sufficiently conservative Tier 1 earthworm risk assessment. Bénit et al (2019) measured inhibition of in situ enzyme activities within the mitochondrial respiratory chain in cells of the earthworm species L. terrestris, that is, SCCR (succinate cytochrome c reductase), GCCR (glycerol-3phosphate cytochrome c reductase), and QCCR (quinol cytochrome c reductase).…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realistic exposure of the fungicide bixafen in soil and its toxicity and risk to natural earthworm populations after multiyear use in cereal

Ernst

Agert

Heinemann

et al. 2021

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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A comprehensive multiyear monitoring program was conducted to assess the exposure, effects, and long-term risk of the fungicide bixafen to earthworms in cereal fields. The realistic exposure of bixafen in soil was assessed at 10 representative field sites in Germany after a period of up to 8 years of use with five different products containing bixafen, followed by annual measurements from 2017 to 2019. The measured exposure concentrations were compared with modeled predicted environmental concentrations in soil (PECsoil) that are derived in the context of the European risk assessment of plant protection products. It was shown that the model assumptions, in particular the kinetic parameters describing the background accumulation, provided a conservative description of the observed residue data. This demonstrates that the exposure modeling tools are adequate for use in soil risk assessment. Laboratory and field ecotoxicological studies were performed to provide a comprehensive risk assessment on the long-term use of bixafen-based fungicides in cereals. While a laboratory reproduction study with the earthworm Eisenia fetida indicated a potential risk at the Tier 1 risk assessment for the end-use product Skyway XPro ® , a 2.5-year field study showed no unacceptable long-term effects on natural earthworm populations. The exposure in this study exceeded the maximum recommended field rate of Skyway XPro ® by a factor of 3 and the maximum measured bixafen concentrations from exposure monitoring study by a factor of 5.2. Hence, an acceptable long-term risk of bixafen-based cereal fungicides is concluded for earthworms.

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Recalibration of the earthworm tier 1 risk assessment of plant protection products

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid chronic risk assessment for soil biota

Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid chronic risk assessment for soil biota

Linking Herbicide Dissipation to Soil Ecological Risk along Transmission Rights‐of‐Way in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Realistic exposure of the fungicide bixafen in soil and its toxicity and risk to natural earthworm populations after multiyear use in cereal

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