Recent advance in near-infrared/ultrasound-sensitive 2D-nanomaterials for cancer therapeutics

Abstract

In recent years, the emerging two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have shown great potential for a variety of applications such as electronics, catalysis, supercapacitors, and energy materials. In the biomedical arena, these nanomaterials, especially 2D-ultrathin nanomaterials, have also been regarded as promising nano-carriers and/or diagnostic agents for cancer diagnosis and treatment, owing to their remarkable mechanical, photothermal, and optical properties. In this review, we provide the recent development of the nanoplatforms based on near-infrared/ultrasound-sensitive 2D-materials, representatively such as graphdiyne (GDY), black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and antimonene, for non-invasive cancer therapeutics including photothermal, photodynamic and sonodynamic approaches. The general properties of these 2D nanomaterials linking to biomedical interests are first introduced, followed by the fabrication processes of diverse nano-platforms and related outcomes of cancer diagnosis and treatments. We also outline the current challenges and prospects of the 2D materials for non-invasive approaches to cancer treatments in the future.

Noble metal nanomaterials for the diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies

“…As a form of photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) uses heat created by electromagnetic radiation to eliminate or ablate tumor cells [120,121]. Lightresponsive materials can be activated by light or near infrared (NIR) wavelength radiation, resulting in high affinity for cancer cells through hyperthermia [122].…”

“…If Au NPs enter into tumors, they trend to aggregate at the local tumor sites, and absorb energy via a light (wavelength of 700-980 nm/1000-1400 nm) irradiation to generate heat which can transfer to tumors without damaging normal cells (Fig. 5A) [121,125]. The first attempt for the photothermal therapy employing Au NPs in vitro was proposed by Lapotko et al [126,127].…”

Triggering Immune System With Nanomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapy

“…Furthermore, it is considered that the integration of bacteria and nanomaterials for multifunctional synergistic therapy is a promising treatment ( Toussaint et al, 2013 ). Due to the different synthetic methods and encapsulated drugs, nanomaterials can achieve a variety of functions in cancer treatment ( Xu et al, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2020 ). Therefore, it seems more direct to integrate nanomaterials and other functions on the outer membrane of bacteria.…”

A polymeric co-assembly of subunit vaccine with polyoxometalates induces enhanced immune responses

“…Inorganic nanomaterials have been applied to improve the efficiency of antigen delivery and immunogenicity because of their rigid structures, long shelf life, and the capability to tailor their intrinsic adjuvant-like properties and immunomodulatory functions [18]. Among them, metal oxide clusters (MOCs) are promising candidates since their interaction with biomacromolecules can be facilely designed via regulating their morphologies and surface structures to enhance their beneficial activities on the biological systems [19][20][21]. MOCs have been demonstrated to have direct or synergistic antibacterial activities [22,23], and the tailor-made MOCs systems, such as virus-like assemblies of MOCs with polymers, excavate a variety of nanocomposites and organic-inorganic hybrids with improved biocompatibility and target activity in anticancer drug delivery systems [21,[24][25][26].…”