Recent advance in treatment of atherosclerosis: Key targets and plaque-positioned delivery strategies

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of vascular wall, is a progressive pathophysiological process with lipids oxidation/depositing initiation and innate/adaptive immune responses. The coordination of multi systems covering oxidative stress, dysfunctional endothelium, diseased lipid uptake, cell apoptosis, thrombotic and pro-inflammatory responding as well as switched SMCs contributes to plaque growth. In this circumstance, inevitably, targeting these processes is considered to be effective for treating atherosclerosis. Arriving, retention and working of payload candidates mediated by targets in lesion direct ultimate therapeutic outcomes. Accumulating a series of scientific studies and clinical practice in the past decades, lesion homing delivery strategies including stent/balloon/nanoparticle-based transportation worked as the potent promotor to ensure a therapeutic effect. The objective of this review is to achieve a very brief summary about the effective therapeutic methods cooperating specifical targets and positioning-delivery strategies in atherosclerosis for better outcomes.

Constructing Mal‐Efferocytic Macrophage Model and Its Atherosclerotic Spheroids and Rat Model for Therapeutic Evaluation

“…Efferocytosis process was reported related to receptors, bridge molecules, and internalization molecules. [ 23 ] In our work, they were basically impaired through signal transduction pathways of PPARγ/LXRα/MerTK, [ 24–26 ] CD300a [ 19 ] and SLC29a1 pathway. [ 27 ] As in Table 1 , miRNA was also found associated in this progress, wherein mRNA (Figure S1, Supporting Information) and protein expressions of efferocytosis competitor CD300a were upregulated by miR‐546 down‐regulation.…”

Research progress of absorbable stents

“…In response to blood flow disturbances, endothelial cells shift from a resting phenotype to a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype, which is often described as the starting point of atherosclerosis. It also causes excessive activation of the oxidative system, thrombosis, foam cell formation, inflammatory release, and sensitisation of SMC 1 , gradually forming arteriosclerotic plaques and leading to stroke, coronary heart disease, and other diseases. It is a major cause of death in developed countries 2 , 3 .…”

Plasma proteome profiling reveals molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of daily consumption of ‘Bahia’ and ‘Cara Cara’ orange juices

“…14 Additionally, several coagulation-related proteins (including coagulant factors and prothrombin) are found in atherosclerotic lesions, evidencing the relationship among coagulation, atherosclerosis, and CVD. 15,16 An inverse association between OJ bioactive compounds and platelet activity is well established, although the exact mechanisms underlying their antiplatelet activity are not fully elucidated. 12,17 The effect of these compounds on the coagulation cascade is even less known.…”