Recent Advancement in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine Formulation: a New Paradigm of Nanotechnology in Strategic Combating of COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

Purpose of Review The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic which has not been seen in recent history, leaving behind deep socioeconomic damages and huge human losses with the disturbance in the healthcare sector. Despite the tremendous international effort and the launch of various clinical trials for the containment of this pandemic, no effective therapy has been proven yet. Recent Findings This review has highlighted the different traditional therapeutic techniques, along with the potential contribution of nanomedicine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome corovirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Repositioning of the drugs, such as remdesivir and chloroquine, is a rapid process for the reach of safe therapeutics, and the related clinical trials have determined effects against COVID-19. Various protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have successfully entered clinical phases, determining positive results. The self-assembled and metallic nanovaccines mostly based on the antigenic properties of spike (S) protein are also approachable, feasible, and promising techniques for lowering the viral burden. Summary There are number of NP-based diagnostic systems have been reported for coronaviruses (CoVs) and specifically for SARS-CoV-2. However, extensive studies are still necessary and required for the nanoparticle (NP)-based therapy.

Emerging importance of nanotechnology-based approaches to control the COVID-19 pandemic; focus on nanomedicine iterance in diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients

“…4 represents the nanoparticle-based assays for CoVs (modified from Refs. [ 20 , 191 ]. For example, an investigation [ 189 ] reported successful extraction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by means of specialized MNPs with poly (amino ester) with carboxyl groups (pcMNPs) coatin agent.…”

“…a) Colorimetric hybridization assays, b) Electrochemical hybridization assays, c) electrochemical immunosensor assay (modified from Refs. [ 20 , 191 ]).

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Oxazolidinone Antibiotics: Chemical, Biological and Analytical Aspects

“…Nanotechnology tools could be decisive for the development of new oxazolidinone therapeutics since different antimicrobial agents could be co-entrapped and delivered by engineered nanoplatforms achieving a synergistic action, a broadening of the antibacterial spectrum and improved safety profiles compared to free drugs. While nanomedicine strategies are in use for the design of vaccine carriers [ 63 ], nanotechnological approaches to tackle drug-resistant infection diseases are still confined to the laboratory. Different nanotechnological platforms based on biocompatible materials such as hyaluronic acids [ 64 , 65 ], polyester (i.e., PLA) [ 66 ] and cyclodextrins [ 67 ] could be used for the development of antimicrobial nanomedicines [ 68 , 69 ].…”

Hydrotalcite–Niclosamide Nanohybrid as Oral Formulation towards SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infections

“…Since COVD-19 is a rapidly evolving emergency situation, there has been a tremendous amount of attention given to formulating different medical strategies in terms of early diagnosis, detection, prevention, and therapy. It is worth mentioning that nanotechnology plays a vital role in all the dramatic and unbelievable progress in science [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. Using wide variety of functional nanomaterials, it is possible to specifically target pathogens, thereby improving the overall efficacy of therapeutic outcomes.…”