Recent Advances in Bioengineering Bone Revascularization Based on Composite Materials Comprising Hydroxyapatite

Abstract

The natural healing process of bone is impaired in the presence of tumors, trauma, or inflammation, necessitating external assistance for bone regeneration. The limitations of autologous/allogeneic bone grafting are still being discovered as research progresses. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is now a crucial component of treating bone injuries and actively works to promote vascularization, a crucial stage in bone repair. A biomaterial with hydroxyapatite (HA), which resembles the mineral makeup of invertebrate bones and teeth, has demonstrated high osteoconductivity, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. However, due to its brittleness and porosity, which restrict its application, scientists have been prompted to explore ways to improve its properties by mixing it with other materials, modifying its structural composition, improving fabrication techniques and growth factor loading, and co-cultivating bone regrowth cells to stimulate vascularization. This review scrutinizes the latest five-year research on HA composite studies aimed at amplifying vascularization in bone regeneration.

Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering

“…The synthetic HAp's macroporosity, characterized by pores with diameters exceeding 100 µm, facilitates the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. Additionally, it supports revascularization when mixed with other materials and by modifying its structural composition, improving fabrication techniques and growth factor loading and co-cultivating bone regrowth cells to stimulate vascularization [17]. All these lead to the ingrowth of new bone when implanted in vivo.…”

Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Containing Composites for Biomedical Applications: Formulations, Properties, and Applications

“…That is why they are called biocomposites and biomaterials. In addition to all that has been previously mentioned, the examples of biomedical applications of CaPO 4 -containing formulations comprise regeneration of critical-sized mandibular defects [1267], orthopedic applications [401], bone revascularization [1268], bone tissue engineering [1269,1270], anti-cancer treatments [1064,1065], etc. Additionally, composite fillers composed of HA and CMC gel possess biostimulatory and skin-tightening properties that have been applied not just to the face but also to the body to boost rejuvenation [900,901].…”